Recuperaciones por condición para Gavión cabecinegro

Most recoveries due to birds found dead, sick or wounded (ca. 40%) or shot (25%). By regions, it is seen that recoveries in Russia mainly come from birds found dead, sicj or wounded, whilst recoveries from abroad (comprising a minority from the total) come mostly from birds seen alive, identified from leg ring(s) or other marks. This is particularly evident in Israel or countries from E Europe like Ukraine or Poland.

Movimientos anuales para Gavión cabecinegro

Soon after breeding birds perform short-range movements, of up to some hundreds of kilometers, concentrating in roosts before the autumn migration (Olsen & Larsson 2004). Recoveries from E Europe from (mostly) Jun to Sep respond to this behavior. Recoveries in winter quarters like Israel mostly in Jan-Feb. Movements to breeding sites start in Feb/Mar.

Conectividad por mes por región para Gavión cabecinegro

See ‘Overall connectivity patterns’.

Recuperaciones por condición para Culebrera europea

Scarce recoveries, few and only dead recoveries before 1990, then only 30% of live recoveries, for a sample of less than 100. Dead recoveries are mainly from southern France and Spain.

Movimientos anuales para Culebrera europea

First-summer birds from South-West Europe mostly stay in Africa, usually moving north of the Sahara (Mellone et al. 2011) are rarely returning to Europe (Yáñez et al. 2014), more rarely staying in Sahel (Jiguet et al. 2012). On the eastern flyway, tracked birds reached Africa during the last decade of September, and returned over the Sinai by mid-March. Winter quarters are reached in less than a week. 

Conectividad por mes por región para Culebrera europea

Ringing recoveries are obtained mostly in Europe, Iberia, mainly in summer months, but also in other seasons. These unseasonal records are linked to a higher probability of recovering a bird in Europe rather than a major sedentary strategy. This is also obvious as tracked individuals are migratory. The few recoveries along the flyways, in North Africa or in the Middle East, are from March-April and October.

Recuperaciones por condición para Ánsar chico

Most recoveries obtained from visual resightings of colour marked individuals (~90%), even for the 1960-1990 period, but still some dead recoveries even in the recent period (6.5%).

Movimientos anuales para Ánsar chico

There is not a lot to extract from less than 100 winter recoveries of mainly captive-bred and released individuals, beyond the general pattern described in the connectivity by month. There are a few records of Scandinavian birds moving to the east in the fall migration, recovered in Russia (Krasnodar) and even Kazakhstan. There are very few re encounters of ringed birds, most being of juveniles in the North and during the summer, so linked to reinforcement schemes. The natural annual movements of the species might be better understood from tracking mature individuals.

Conectividad por mes por región para Ánsar chico

Very few ring recoveries to document the overall temporal connectivity pattern. Most recoveries in the Netherlands are from November to February. Birds of North Europe are still on the winter quarters in March, on the move in April and arrive on breeding grounds in May, while they return to the wintering sites in September and October.

Recuperaciones por condición para Águila pomerana

Mostly dead recoveries before 1990 (85-88%), then over 80% of live recoveries, with a large increase in recovery numbers from 2007 onwards.

Movimientos anuales para Águila pomerana

A tracked male from Slovakia (Meyburg et al. 2004) reached the Bosphorus at the end of September, and the Sahara was crossed during the second decade of October, with slower movements from Uganda southwards to South Africa, arriving there mid-November. In spring, the migration started at the end of February or early March, to enter Europe in early April. Two immatures tracked during the spring migration left Namibia at the end of February and the end of March, and flew to their respective summer quarters in Hungary and the Ukraine, arriving there 2.5 and 1.5 months later than the breeding adults (Meyburg et al. 2001). There is also some migration of juvenile birds via Gibraltar to West Africa (Nigeria, Mauretania) (Meyburg 2021).

Conectividad por mes por región para Águila pomerana

Recoveries in southern Africa are mainly from November to February (few in October and March), and birds are clearly on the move across the Middle East and Europe in April, even in early May. Autumn migration starts early September, and is over in Europe by the end of October. Tracking data provide phenologies of individual migrations. By default, winter recoveries within Europe are considered valid, though there is the possibility that they concern hybrids not identified as such.

Recuperaciones por condición para Ibis eremita

Mostly dead recoveries since 2007, of juveniles released in Austria, obtained mainly in May and June.

Movimientos anuales para Ibis eremita

Available tracking data on movebank illustrate the local movements of Andalusian reintroduced individuals in southern Spain, and the migration of the Austrian-released birds to the Orbetello peninsula in Italy – where they have been trained to move for wintering. The migration trajectories of tagged Syrian ibises followed the Saudi Arabian Red Sea coast to Yemen, then over Djibouti to reach Ethiopia, with staging sites in western Saudi Arabia and Yemen (Serra et al. 2015).

Conectividad por mes por región para Ibis eremita

The true migratory schedule of wild bald ibises can not be deduced from available ringing or tracking data, though the Syrian recovery was obtained in the first half of October. However, surveys of the wintering grounds of the now-extinct relict Syrian population document arrivals all along August, and departures in February (Serra et al. 2013).

Recuperaciones por condición para Águila perdicera

Most recoveries concern birds found dead, the major cause of death being electrocution (44% of all recoveries). A few have been shot (6% of all recoveries), which is unacceptable for such a protected and endangered eagle.

Movimientos anuales para Águila perdicera

The dispersal strategy of juveniles is individually variable (Cadahía et al. 2010), and recent tracking data revealed unexpected movements up to Denmark. Ringing recoveries also allowed to estimate the natal dispersal in the species, up to >440 kilometres (Cadahía et al. 2009).

Conectividad por mes por región para Águila perdicera

Recoveries are concentrated around early May, with also another period covering September-November. These periods represent the emancipation of post-fledging dispersal of juveniles, and the spring movements to return closer to the natal area (Hernández-Matías et al. 2010).

Recuperaciones por condición para Oropéndola europea

Before 1991, most recoveries were of dead birds.  However, increased ringing effort at migration stopover sites and constant effort sites means that the majority of records since 1991 (77%) are now recaptures by ringers.

Movimientos anuales para Oropéndola europea

The first birds return to the SW at the end of Apr mainly May and the last leave in Sep. The same pattern is seen for breeders in the SC region, although some individuals are still in N Africa in early May, and there are Sep records in the Nile Valley. Breeders from C Europe depart mainly in Sep, and settle in May. Breeders from the W and SW have a clockwise, loop migration, returning from the East (Dimaki et al. 2019).

Conectividad por mes por región para Oropéndola europea

The few encounters from the winter range occured in Dec, Mar and Apr, with encounters in N Africa from May and Sep.

Recuperaciones por condición para Pato havelda

There are almost only dead recoveries (95%), with ~5% of live recoveries since 1990, while there are almost no recoveries in the 2000s. The species is a game bird in some European countries.

Movimientos anuales para Pato havelda

Recovery distances indicate some winter movements at a few hundred kilometres, especially from North Europe around. Tracking data (Karwinkel et al. 2020, Žydelis et al. 2022) revealed that western Russian Arctic females moulted at freshwater lakes then went out to sea around breeding sites and to marine waters ranging from the White Sea to Novaya Zemlya Archipelago for a month. After a rapid autumn migration, they spent the winter (7 months) in the Baltic Sea. The spring migration was also rapid, with a stopover of three weeks at sea before returning to the freshwater breeding habitat in June.

Conectividad por mes por región para Pato havelda

Recoveries on the far north breeding grounds are obtained in May to July, with the first returns to non-breeding grounds in August, though mainly in October, with a presence until February, and movements again for spring migration in April. Arrivals close to breeding grounds are noted from May onwards.

Recuperaciones por condición para Porrón bastardo

The majority of recoveries across the periods are of dead birds (~82%), even during the decades providing numerous recoveries (80%). Recent records are very few and are almost all (~93%) of dead birds, illustrating that this declining diving duck is still hunted in some European countries.

Movimientos anuales para Porrón bastardo

Greater Scaup of varying summer provenance start to move back to the breeding grounds in Apr, where females with their offspring remain into late summer. Males leave the breeding gounds on moult migration, where they remain in Aug-Sep, before all age and sex classes begin to move to the winter quarters in Oct. This is a species about which we know very little, especially as our understanding based on patterns obtained from recoveries is heavily influenced by the timing and distribution of hunting activities.

Conectividad por mes por región para Porrón bastardo

The recoveries of Icelandic birds in the British Isles and adjacent continental European coasts are in Oct-Feb i.e. mainly during the hunting season, with a few in late summer. Birds from the Baltic Sea reach the N Sea in Sep, although some arrive in late Jul, with the latest record in March. Siberian birds are present on their breeding grounds from May onwards, although some are still present on the wintering grounds in Apr. There are a few recoveries in Arctic bays (e.g. Pechora) in Sep, probably of birds that moulted there, and as late as Oct from Russia, but recoveries from Nov onwards are only from the wintering sites from N Sea coasts to Spain.

Recuperaciones por condición para Cárabo lapón

Currently protected species in Europe. Encounters have been recorded after 1961 only, ca. 19% obtained in just two years (2017-2018) only. Most encounters come from the breeding season (May-Jul) – ca. 71%. N Europe holds almost all (ca. 97%) of the encounters.

The encounters based on dead birds considerably decreased over time – from 80% during the period 1961-1980 (15% shot) to 35% after 1991, while those based on alive birds – considerably increased (from 15 to 63% respectively), mostly due to ringing encounters (Finland holding the majority of them). Hitting of wires was more important negative factor in the past (6.1%), its impact is currently lowered to 1.3%.

Quite limited number of distant recoveries (>=50 km), most of them less than 350 km away from the ringing site.

Movimientos anuales para Cárabo lapón

In Finland, when encountered in two successive breeding seasons both males and females have been found to move < 10km between the two nests; in contrast, the females encountered some years later have moved much longer distances (median 67km, max. 405km) (Saurola et al. 2013).

Post-natal dispersal in juveniles start in Aug-Sep, but it is more evident Oct-Nov (But’ev et al. 2005; Noskov et al. 2016).

The adults are back on their breeding sites in late Feb – early Mar, while non-breeding immatures may roam until mid-May (Noskov et al. 2016).

The newly emerged and increasing population in SE Norway during the last decade is believed to have been founded by birds from Sweden (Sonerud et al. 2021); regular ringing activities showed a short-distance dispersal in W, S, & E directions in S Norway & S Sweden.

Between 1955 and 1981 nine sporadic invasions have taken place S of the breeding range in Europe (Cramp 1985).

Conectividad por mes por región para Cárabo lapón

All encounters are located within N Europe (N & E regions) – Fennoscandia and Russia (the bulk of ringing data coming largely from Finland): mostly within-country movements and small amount of short-distance movements across neighbouring countries.

Finnish data suggest that part of the populations (particularly the males) remains resident, while the rest is nomadic (Saurola et al. 2013).

The juveniles start their dispersal after the breeding season – in late summer, and it continues until late autumn (But’ev et al. 2005). They disperse only moderate distances from the natal site in their first year (Bull, Duncan, 2020).

Adults occupy their breeding sites in late winter or early spring; in contrast, non-breeding immature birds may look for appropriate territory until late spring (Noskov et al. 2016).

Ringing data are insufficient for outlining connectivity patterns in detail.