Recuperaciones por condición para Fumarel cariblanco

Most encounters are obtained during the late 2010s. Majority of them are recorded in C Europe (92%), primarily during the period Jun-Aug (87%). Just couple of encounters prior to 1960. The encounters based on dead birds markedly decreased over time: from 71% during 1961-1990 to less than 1% after 1991; those based on alive birds considerably increased from 3% in 1961-1990 to 99% after 1991. The latter is mostly due to ringing recoveries, and especially to colour ring resightings. Shooting was an important factor in the past only (34% of all recoveries during the period 1961-1990).

Movimientos anuales para Fumarel cariblanco

Post-breeding dispersal and autumn migration movements start in late Jul (Gochfeld et al. 2020) but are more evident in Aug-Sep – by this time W European breeders are encountered SW from their breeding grounds, mostly in Spain, some birds remaining in SW Europe until Nov. Birds breeding in SW Europe are encountered in W Africa as early as Aug (Mali), the wintering grounds near the Gulf of Guinea (Ghana) are reached in Sep with encounters until Nov. Spring encounters from Apr (Senegal) and May (Mali) indicate possible return migration routes; spring records exist also from Tunisia (Mar), Italy (Apr) and Hungary (May). Local short-distance movement in Dec suggests wintering in S Spain.

C European breeders migrate mostly SE, with encounters during migration and winter in Israel (Sep, Jan) and E Africa (Kenya, Dec).

Conectividad por mes por región para Fumarel cariblanco

Genetic evidence supports the existence of two distinct (W & E) subpopulations in Europe, which markedly differ in wintering distribution and seasonal migratory routes (Dayton et al. 2017). Dispersal movements are prominent from late summer. W European population takes SW routes, with encounters mainly in Spain, sometimes until late autumn. SW European breeders migrate mostly S towards W Africa where are encountered from late summer to mid-autumn. Return migration records (early to late spring) are spread from W Africa to C Mediterranean and C Europe. Local encounters in Spain in Dec indicate overwintering. Long-distance recoveries of the birds breeding in C Europe suggest SE direction of autumn migration, with winter encounters in the E Mediterranean & E Africa.

Return migration is mostly mid- to late spring.

Recuperaciones por condición para Chotacabras europeo

Until 1960, almost all recoveries were of dead birds, including some which had been shot. Since 1990 almost all recoveries are of birds recaptured by ringers due to increased efforts at breeding sites, and the development of migration camps in Mediterranean countries.

Movimientos anuales para Chotacabras europeo

Movements mainly known from light logger data (Cresswell and Edwards 2013; Evens et al. 2017; Evens et al. 2017). Birds from NW have a loop migration crossing the western Mediterranean in early Oct, then moving to S/SE to cross the central Sahara and reach the N of the Gulf of Guinea, before moving E to the winter range in continental Central Africa. In spring, they return via W Africa before heading north to Iberia. Birds from N and C Europe take a straighter route over the eastern Mediterranean, both in autumn and spring, heading directly towards southern tropical Africa (Norevik et al. 2017).

Conectividad por mes por región para Chotacabras europeo

Movements from NW and N Europe start at the end of Aug, all birds have left by the end of Sep. Individuals are seen in S Europe in April and start to return to NW and N breeding sites in  early May; all are back by early Jun. Birds breeding in W Europe show a similar pattern those in NW Europe. In autumn, birds move through continental Europe throughout Sep, consistent with crossing the Mediterranean and Sahara in early Oct, after a stopover of e.g. 10 days in the Mediterranean basin (Evens et al. 2017). Autumn migration takes approximately two months, with birds arriving at the end of Oct. In spring, departures from winter grounds start from the end of Feb and continue through Mar.

Recuperaciones por condición para Serreta mediana

Game species in Fennoscandia, Denmark, Iceland, Russia; it has been hunted until recently (2016) in Malta. Most encounters obtained during the breeding season in early summer – ca. 65% in Jun-Jul. In total, the share of encounters based on alive birds forms about half (48%) of all cases; however, it fluctuates from 15% pre-1960s, about half (ca. 53%) during 1961-1990 to ca. 47% after 1991. Inversely, dead recoveries largely decreased from about 77% before 1960 to ca. 44-46% during the following periods. Shooting’s share dropped from ca. 37% of all cases pre-1960 to ca. 10% after 1991. Some recoveries are based on drowning in fishing nets – 9% of all dead birds found in Denmark (Bønløkke et al. 2006), 29% in Finland (Saurola et al. 2013).

Most encounters obtained between mid-1960s and mid-1970s, mainly in N & C Europe (ca. 90%).

Movimientos anuales para Serreta mediana

The species undergoes a flightless wing-moulting period in Aug-Sep (Craik et al. 2020). The largest known moulting area in Europe is in Denmark (Scott, Rose, 1996). Females and immatures start autumn migration earlier than males (Craik et al. 2020). Post-breeding movements of the Fennoscandian birds start in Aug but are more evident in Sep-Oct; the wintering grounds in the Black Sea and W Europe are reached as early as Oct. Spring migration in the Baltic Sea region is active in Mar-Apr (Skov et al. 2011). Breeding sites in Fennoscandia are reached in late Apr and May. British Isles breeders overwinter on local coastal waters, some moving as far as Denmark and Norway; local birds are joined by wintering birds from the Iceland mostly in Dec-Jan. Black Sea population overwinters locally dispersed (Sep-Feb). Single birds remain in their wintering areas until Apr-May.

Conectividad por mes por región para Serreta mediana

The bulk of birds breeding in Fennoscandia are encountered from early autumn until late spring primarily in the region of Baltic and North Seas (including the straits in between), where they join the local residents from Denmark, Germany and S Sweden. The remainder Fennoscandian breeders take longer routes to spend the winter along the Atlantic Coast of W Europe, Mediterranean Sea, SE Europe and Black Sea. C European breeders (Germany) are found wintering along the coasts of Mediterranean Sea and W Europe from early autumn to early spring. Bird breeding in S Ukraine are found during autumn and winter primarily in the Black Sea basin.

Icelandic breeders are recorded during the winter on the coastal waters of British Isles; stragglers are recorded in E Greenland (Nov) and The Netherlands (Lyngs 2003).

Recuperaciones por condición para Alcaudón común

Most recoveries are after 2000 and are mainly during the breeding season and migration (85% in Apr-Aug) and mostly in SW Europe (~69%). The percentage of recoveries of dead birds has decreased from 75% pre-1961 to 3% after 1991; those of live birds increased from 17% before 1961 to 96% after 1991. Shooting was an important factor in the past - 29% pre-1961 and 18% in 1961-90. Nowadays, the majority of recoveries are recaptures by ringers. Shrikes are among the numerous birds illegally trapped and killed annually in the Mediterranean (Brochet et al. 2016). Most distant (>=50 km) recoveries are located around the C & W Mediterranean, there are very few long-distance recoveries of Е populations (nominate ssp. and niloticus).

Movimientos anuales para Alcaudón común

Pre-migratory movements start in Jun (Harris & Frankiln 2000) and migration Jul-Aug; adults leaving first (Cramp & Perrins 1993). SW European breeders are in NW Africa (Morocco, Algeria & Tunisia) in both autumn (Sep-Nov) and (mostly) spring (Mar-May). C European populations migrate mainly SW, with encounters in France, the Iberian Peninsula and NW Africa mostly in Aug-Sep, very few from Oct-Nov. There is a recovery from the Sahel wintering grounds (Sudan) in Oct. Return migration starts Feb (rarely Jan), peaking in Mar-Apr. Spring migration through the W Mediterranean and NW Africa is from mid-Mar to the end of May (mostly early April to mid-May), the nominate race migrating about 13 days later than ssp. badius (Gargallo et al. 2011). Breeding grounds are usually occupied in Apr-May.

Conectividad por mes por región para Alcaudón común

Post-breeding dispersal happens mid- to late summer with most birds having left breeding sites in early autumn. The Spanish population is found from Morocco to Tunisia in early to late autumn and early to late spring. The German population was intensively studied in the 1950-60s, resulting in encounters mainly in late summer and early autumn in W & SW Europe and NW Africa (rarely in mid- or even late autumn). Birds breeding in SC Europe are encountered mostly in early to late spring in N Africa. Spring migration usually starts in late winter, it is more pronounced in early to mid-spring, and some of the breeding grounds are reached in late spring. Some W populations possibly make a loop migration, with their spring recoveries being further E than autumn recoveries (Yosef & ISWG 2020).

Recuperaciones por condición para Chorlito gris

As for many waterbirds benefiting from the recent deployment of colour ringing schemes, the shift from older dead recoveries to modern live recoveries is obvious, though still 35% of recoveries are of dead birds after 1990 – this plover being a game bird in several countries in W and SW Europe.

Movimientos anuales para Chorlito gris

Grey Plovers tagged while resting in the Wadden Sea moved to Yamal or Taimyr for the breeding season (E to c. 100°E), and wintered from Northern Ireland and the Wadden Sea south to Guinea Bissau in West Africa (Exo et al. 2019). For Siberian breeders, this tracking study also identified autumn stopover sites in arctic Russia, and an inland spring route over East Europe and western Russia. A further contribution of this tracking study is to prove individual fidelity to breeding and wintering sites, which is impossible to document with dead ring recoveries. 2nd calendar-year individuals stay on the wintering grounds but can move to breeding grounds, though later then adults (Exo et al. 2019).

Conectividad por mes por región para Chorlito gris

Most first-summer plovers stay in the winter range, so that the year-round distribution of recoveries in the British Isles and the Wadden Sea does not allow to draw a precise monthly connectivity picture, but tracking data of birds tagged in the Wadden Sea complete the figure; Grey Plovers leave their wintering grounds between mid and end of March, rest in the Wadden Sea until mid to end of May, then move rapidly close to the breeding grounds with several short final bouts depending on snow cover (Exo et al. 2019). In autumn, plovers return to the Baltic, Wadden and North Seas as early as August, and September.

Recuperaciones por condición para Zarcero pálido

No data before 1960. Between 1961-1990, 98% of the recoveries due to ringing, only 2% as dead recovery due to shooting. Nowadays, 100% of recoveries associated to recaptures of birds alive under ringing programs.

Movimientos anuales para Zarcero pálido

First movements after breeding found in Jul-Aug. For the SW population, passage through NW Africa in autumn until at least Sep, probably also later even no data available. Wintering in Senegambia at least from Nov to Mar. Passage across NW Africa in spring patent in Apr (Arizaga et al. 2012).

Conectividad por mes por región para Zarcero pálido

SE population: Individuals ringed in Israel in Apr and Jun; recovery from Cyprus in Apr.

SW population: data from Spain mostly from May to Aug (though a bird from the Balearics, ringed in May, recovered in mainland Spain in Oct); from NW Africa, from Jun to Sep; from Senegambia, from Nov to Mar.

Recuperaciones por condición para Carricerín cejudo

The majority of recoveries are of first-year birds ringed on autumn migration and later recaptured on migration, with few on breeding sites. Very few (<1%) Aquatic Warblers have been found dead. Winter recoveries in Senegal in Dec-Feb are a largely a result of a concentrated effort to study the species in the Djoudj National park in the 2000s. Recent effort to ring migrants in the W and SW has also increased the numbers of recoveries. Further developments in tracking might provide new insights for this poorly known species in the future.

Movimientos anuales para Carricerín cejudo

The first migrants recorded in W Europe in autumn include a higher proportion of adults than later in the year, illustrating the earlier migration of experienced individuals. There is no detailed information to compare the movements of breeding populations from C and E Europe, although adult males breeding in Lithuania and Belarus have been tracked with light loggers (Martin Flade & AWCT pers. com.).

Conectividad por mes por región para Carricerín cejudo

Autumn migration in W and SW Europe starts during the last dekad of Jul, peaking mid-Aug, althought there are some late records of migrants in mid-Sep, including adults with heavily worn plumage. Spring encounters are along the Mediterranean coasts of Spain, France and Italy during Apr, reaching the breeding grounds in May. From adults tracked with light loggers, they cross the Sahara mid-Aug-mid-Sept in autumn, and mostly in the first two dekads of March in spring (Adamik et al. 2016).

Recuperaciones por condición para Zampullín cuellinegro

Protected species in Europe. Most encounters recorded in SW Europe (about 92%). Despite the differences in sample size, the recoveries coming from dead birds pre-1960 and 1961-90 constituted almost equal share (88 and 89% respectively); the recoveries from shot/hunted birds were more numerous for the latter period (52% vs 38% respectively). Live recoveries of ringed birds heavily predominated after 1990 – 93% of all cases. The recoveries based on by-catch casualties and oil spills had bigger share during the period 1961-90 compared to the subsequent period.

Live recoveries of ringed birds tend to be concentrated in areas with active ringing projects (Czechia, Switzerland, Spain).

Movimientos anuales para Zampullín cuellinegro

Those birds breeding in C Europe and migrating SE reach the Balkan Peninsula and Black Sea region as early as Aug, overwintering in the region until early- to mid-Apr. Those taking the SW direction, incl. the W European and Danish breeders, reach the W Mediterranean region and the Atlantic coast as early as Aug, mostly Sep-Oct, the spring return starting in late Mar – Apr. The species undergoes a flightless wing-moulting period in late summer and autumn (Aug to Oct), either staying on the breeding grounds or moving to large wetlands to form – sometimes big, concentrations. Birds marked in Spain have been recorded in NW Africa (Morocco) as wintering between early Aug and mid-Mar. Breeding sites in SW Siberia and adjacent areas are reached as early as Apr, but mostly in May.

Conectividad por mes por región para Zampullín cuellinegro

Post-breeding movements of C European breeders start as early as late summer, being more pronounced in mid-autumn; the wintering grounds in W and S Europe are usually reached in late autumn – early winter. Breeding birds in Denmark have been recorded overwintering along the Atlantic Coast, W & C Mediterranean region between early autumn and early spring.

The breeding sites are reached back in mid-spring. A big number of birds marked in Spain during late autumn and early winter have been subsequently recorded as breeding in E Europe and W to C Russia. SW Siberian breeders have been found wintering in Caspian Sea as well (Ilichev 1978). Some birds marked in Spain during autumn migration move S covering short distances to Morocco, occupying their wintering sites between late summer and early spring.

Recuperaciones por condición para Abejaruco europeo

Most encounters are obtained after 2000. They come mainly from May-Aug, peaking in Jul (70% of all records). Most encounters until Jul are based primarily on adults, while those from Aug and early Sep – mainly juveniles. Majority of encounters (ca. 98%) are recorded in C, SC and SW Europe (71, 22, and 5% respectively). Pre-1960 records sample is very limited.  The encounters based on dead birds decreased markedly over the years: from 65% in 1961-1990 to about 1% after 1991; those based on alive birds increased from 65% in 1961-1990 to 98% after 1991. The latter is mostly due to ringing recoveries. Shooting as а factor has been largely reduced from 18% in 1961-1990 to almost none after 1991.

Most of the distant (>=50 km) recoveries are less than 2000km away (but some are more than 5000km).

Movimientos anuales para Abejaruco europeo

Post-breeding dispersal takes place from late Jul, autumn migration in Europe is most intensive Aug-Sep. African wintering grounds are reached as early as Sep, the birds stay there until Mar-May (S Africa) or Apr-May (Sahel). Breeding sites are reached from late Apr (S Europe) to mid/late May in C Europe.

Birds from the recently established and heavily increased population in E Germany are tracked via the W & C Mediterranean Sea and Sahara to their wintering grounds in S Congo/N Angola, while those from SE Europe (Bulgaria) migrate via the Middle East and E African Rift Valley to their wintering sites in southern Africa (S Africa, Botswana, Zimbabwe) (Hahn et al. 2020). Tracked birds from the Portugal migrate S to winter in three W African regions:  Senegal/Guinea-Bissau, Mali/Ivory Coast and Benin/Nigeria (Costa et al. 2021).

Conectividad por mes por región para Abejaruco europeo

Dispersal movements after the breeding season are evident as early as mid-summer. Within Europe, autumn migration takes place mostly in late summer and early autumn, the encounters progressively decrease afterwards. Birds stay in their wintering grounds in Africa mainly between mid-autumn and mid- to late spring. European breeding grounds are occupied in mid- to late spring, depending on latitude.

An encounter of a bird in Ukraine marked in Italy suggests that at least some birds from the eastern populations use routes across the C Mediterranean Sea as well. 

It was recently found that birds can migrate 14,000 km in the same group and groups that separate during migration can re-join after 5,000 km apart (Dhanjal-Adams et al. 2018).

Recuperaciones por condición para Alcaudón norteño

Great Grey Shrikes are recovered throughout the year, with a peak in Oct (~22%). C, W & N Europe hold the bulk of encounters (~80% in total, 34, 24 and 22% respectively). Recoveries of dead birds have decreased from 74% before1961 to 6% after 1991; those of live birds increased from 22% before 1961 to 94% after 1991. Shooting was an important factor in the past, with 32% of total recoveries before 1961, mainly in France and N Italy. Nowadays, most of the recoveries are of live birds either recaptured by ringers or resighted.

Movimientos anuales para Alcaudón norteño

Post-breeding dispersal starts as early as Jul, more often in Aug, with most autumn movements in Sep-Oct. N European breeders take SW & S routes towards W, C, SC and even SE Europe where they are encountered as early as Sep (the Low Countries), but mostly from Oct-Mar, sometimes even Apr. The C European population migrates short distances, mainly SW, with encounters within the region or in W & SC Europe (France and N Italy, Sep-Feb). There is no breeding population in the British Isles but some birds from the Low Countries, Denmark and Scandinavia are encountered there in winter (Nov-Apr). A bird wintering on the Polish Baltic Sea Coast was encountered during the breeding season in eastern France.

Spring migration takes place mainly during Mar-Apr.

Conectividad por mes por región para Alcaudón norteño

Autumn movements are evident from late summer, with pronounced migration in early to mid-autumn. The population breeding in N Europe migrates SW & S, reaching primarily W & C Europe, sometimes as far as SE Europe - encounters are mainly between mid-autumn and early spring, with some late migrants recorded in mid-spring. Those C European breeders which migrate mostly move SW, either staying in the same region or moving to the neighbouring regions of W & SC Europe. Some birds from around the N Sea (S Norway, Denmark, Germany, the Low Countries) overwinter in the British Isles. Breeding sites are usually re-occupied in early to mid-spring.

In some populations, mainly females migrate (Harris, Franklin, 2000).

Bird numbers in wintering areas fluctuate, some birds undertake hard-weather movements (Cramp, Perrins, 1993).