Recoveries by Condition for Green Sandpiper

Most recoveries are after 2010. The majority are on autumn migration or in winter (82% in Aug-Feb). The bulk of encounters are in NW Europe (81%). The percentage of recoveries of dead birds was stable until 1990 (62-66%), then markedly decreased to less than 1% from 1991; recoveries of live birds have increased from ~30% before 1991 to almost 100% since then. Shooting was responsible for 44% of all recoveries before 1991, but is now negligible. Most shot birds are reported from W & SW Europe and the W Mediterranean (2nd half of 20th century), while most live birds are reported from N Europe (last 10 years). Most of the distant (>=50 km) recoveries have moved <2,000 km, although some move more than 5,500 km.

Annual Movements for Green Sandpiper

Post-breeding dispersal starts early to mid-Jun and autumn migration is most intensive Aug-Sep with birds having left most breeding sites by early to mid-Oct. Birds arrive S of the Sahara in early Aug, reaching S Africa in Sep (Delany et al. 2009). In mild winters some birds stay as far N as S Scandinavia (Van Gils et al. 2020). Spring migration starts Feb-Mar, the latest ringing encounters from W & C Africa are from mid- to late Mar. Late migrants are present in Africa until early Apr (Van Gils et al. 2020). Spring passage through the Mediterranean  is mainly in Mar. Breeding sites are reached mostly in Apr (late Mar-early May depending on latitude). Birds migrating in late May in N Europe are mostly non-breeding 2nd year individuals (Noskov et al. 2016).

Connectivity by Month by Region for Green Sandpiper

Post-breeding movements start very early, in mid-summer, females leave first followed by males and then juveniles. Autumn migration is mainly in late summer to early autumn. The sub-Saharan wintering grounds in Africa are reached as early as late summer, but mostly from early and mid-autumn onwards (Delany et al. 2009). Birds wintering in S England have a very high return rate (Smith et al. 1992) as do those from W Africa and C Europe (Van Gils et al. 2020). Return migration in Africa takes place mostly in late winter-early spring. Most breeding grounds in Europe are occupied mid- to late spring. Numerous birds marked in SE England during migration and in winter are encountered in S Scandinavia during the breeding season. Recovery data from SE & E Europe are very limited.

Recoveries by Condition for Mistle Thrush

Until 1960, 72% of the recoveries were dead birds, including 28% shot birds. From 1961 to 1990 83% concerned dead birds, including 30% shot birds. From 1991 38% concerned dead birds, including 11% shot birds.
The vast majority of mistle thrushes was shot in France. There are also shot birds from NE Spain, Belgium, N Italy, Greece and Georgia.

Annual Movements for Mistle Thrush

In Nov - Jan birds are concentrated in W Europe and S and C UK, fewer birds in S and E Europe, Ireland and Scotland, also a few in NW Africa and Georgia. In Feb - Apr numbers in S Europe and France decrease and in the UK, the Low Countries and C Europe numbers increase; birds have left NW Africa and Georgia. In May - Jul most birds are in the UKand the Low Countries, less birds in Spain, France, C Europe and Fennoscandia. In Aug - Oct numbers in E Europe and Fennoscandia decrease and numbers in W and S Europe increase, few birds arrived in NW Africa and Georgia.

Connectivity by Month by Region for Mistle Thrush

Fennoscandian birds are found in W and SW Europe from Sep - Apr, most in Dec - Jan, Italy (most in Nov, 1 in Feb), C Europe (Mar - Apr), Albania and Greece (Oct - Feb), Turkey (Feb) and Georgia (Oct, Jan). UK birds are found in France and Belgium (Oct - Feb), Ireland (Oct - Jan). Birds of the Low Countries are mostly found in France (Oct - Jan, few in Apr - Mar), also in Spain (Oct - Feb) and Portugal (Apr). Birds of C and E Europe are found in W Europe (Sep - Mar), Spain and N Italy (Oct - Feb), Morocco (Dec), Algeria (Oct, Jan) and Greece (Jan - Feb). From E Europe also birds found in Georgia (Nov - Dec and Mar).

Recoveries by Condition for Thrush Nightingale

Most recoveries (90%) due to birds captured alive thanks to ringing. Before 1960, however, almost 30% of recoveries were due to birds found dead/sick/wounded. Since then, most recoveries fit to the general pattern show above.

Annual Movements for Thrush Nightingale

Ring-recovery data enough to disentangle temporal movement patterns in Europe/N Africa. Breeding quarters left by Aug. Passage in N Africa mostly in Sep. First recoveries S of the Sahara are found in Nov. Geolocators confirm these results, though provide more details for the period in which the birds are in Africa. Presence in Africa S of the Sahara from Sep to Mar [BMAREF303]. Passage in spring in Europe patent in Apr. Arrival to breeding quarters in May.

Connectivity by Month by Region for Thrush Nightingale

In autumn, concentrations N of Balcans in Aug-Sep, which could indicate some refueling. Then, main stopovers in SE Europe/NE Africa from late Aug to Sep. Geolocators reveal that first wintering sites in Sudan from Sep to Nov; then second winter quarters in Kenya in Nov-Dec, and then the last wintering area further S in Dec-Mar (Stach et al. 2012). Recoveries in spring suggest a further E passage than in autumn within the Mediterranean, with a higher proportion of recoveries in Israel as compared to Egypt. Such variations are normally due to the fact that birds tend to pass over those areas providing more suitable habitats to forage (e.g., Hahn et al. 2014).

Recoveries by Condition for Little Tern

Most encounters occur during the breeding season, peaking in Jun-Jul (ca. 80% in total). The bulk of encounters come from C Europe (35%), followed by NW (25%) and W Europe (16%). Unlike many other species, the ratio between the recoveires of dead birds vs those from live birds has shown little change over time – 20% vs 77% or 78%  before 1990, and 11% vs 89% since 1991. The latter is mostly due to recoveries; nowadays 4% of all recoveries are colour-ring resightings. About 8% of all pre-1961 recoveries are of shot birds, this figure dropped to 4% in 1961-1990 and, from 1991, is very rare (<1%). Distant recoveries from SE Europe are almost completely absent. Most marking and finding sites are biased to colonies and the presence of ringers/birdwatchers.

Annual Movements for Little Tern

Widespread autumn movements are evident from Aug. Numerous encounters from the Atlantic coasts of W & SW Europe in Aug and Sep are of birds breeding in NW, W, C & N Europe, which take S & SW routes. Few birds are encountered in W & C Mediterranean during migration. In autumn, European breeders from SW, SC and even SE (Greece) are found in NW Africa (mostly Sep-Nov,). The winter encounters from W Africa are mainly in Nov-Mar - mostly between Senegal and Sierra Leone, but also from the Gulf of Guinea (Ghana, Ivory Coast). Birds from European populations have been found wintering S to South Africa; a small number of birds overwinter in N Africa (Gochfeld et al. 2020). Spring migration takes place mostly in Apr-May.

Connectivity by Month by Region for Little Tern

Post-breeding dispersal starts as early as mid-summer. Аutumn migration is pronounced in late summer and early autumn when many birds breeding in N, C & W Europe disperse along the coastal areas of the Low Countries, France and the Iberian Peninsula. Birds originating from SC and (at least some) SE Europe in Spain & NW Africa use the Atlantic flyway. Some birds migrate through the C Mediterranean. Most birds have left breeding sites by mid-autumn. Birds are found in W Africa mainly from late autumn to early spring. There is one encounter in winter in E Africa. Return movements take place primarily in mid- to late spring. Earliest return to the breeding grounds in N Europe is around mid-May (Noskov et al. 2016).

Recoveries by Condition for Little Egret

Currently, most (ca. 75%) recoveries linked to birds seen alive identified from leg ring(s). Before 1960, a remarkable proportion of recovery data were due to dead recoveries by shot (>40%). This is pattern general for all Europe. Overall, most recoveries associated to colour-ringed birds; hence leg rings play a fundamental role to analyse the species’ movement patterns in Europe.

Annual Movements for Little Egret

Post-natal/-breeding dispersal/migration seems to start as early as Jun (this probably more linked to dispersal and not to true migratory movements), though mostly from Jul to Aug. Arrival to wintering areas already since Sep; recoveries in Africa from Sep to Apr, most from Nov to Feb. Some birds found in Africa even in Jun, likely non-breeding (summering) birds (no evidence supporting that this might be natal dispersal).

Connectivity by Month by Region for Little Egret

C/SC European egrets ringed in colonies up to Jul; recoveries outside already in Aug, reflecting dispersal rather than true migration. Some of these birds show, however, true long-distance migrations, mostly across a NE-SW axis, with recoveries in Africa from Sep to Jan (both in N Africa and along the Sahelian belt). A similar pattern is detected for the NW European egrets. Recoveries outside this region mostly from Oct to Feb, from Açores to Lybia; exceptionally, a bird seen in Iceland in Oct. Populations from W/SW Europe, again, show a similar pattern. Long-distance movements across a NE-SW axis, with recoveries in NW-W Africa, the Canary archipelago and some islands from C/S America. These long-distance recoveries happen mostly from Aug to Feb, yet birds are detected in Africa in spring/summer.

Recoveries by Condition for Sanderling

Over 80% of encounters refers to ringing recoveries, which are most common in Western Europe and some regular ringing sites along African coast. Some 8% refer to birds of which rings or colour marks were read in the field, and these observations are almost entirely confined to Europe. Reports of shot and intentionally taken birds make up 10%, and occur mainly in France, Spain, Mediterranean coasts and Western Africa.

Annual Movements for Sanderling

During mid Oct to end Apr, all re-encounters are in NW, W and SW Europe and Africa. In Southern Africa only between mid Jan and mid Mar. End Apr birds start moving NW within UK, begin May first birds on Iceland, majority from mid Jun to begin Jul. On Greenland from begin Jun to end Jul, Svalbard and Russia end Jun. First birds return in Europe mid Jul, widespread and common in Aug through mid Sep, fewer Oct. On African coasts from begin Sept. Along coasts of Black Sea and eastern Mediterranean begin May and mid Aug to end Sep.

Connectivity by Month by Region for Sanderling

Birds in W Europe and UK in winter connect to Iceland in May, Greenland June, and to Baltic in Aug-Sep. Spring passage Apr-May connects to both Greenland, northern Scandinavia and Russia in Jun-Jul, and Africa Sep-Mar. Birds during autumn passage Aug-Oct connect to Iceland in May, West Africa in winter and Baltic in Aug-Sep. Few birds in summer show similar patterns. One connection with Black Sea Oct. Relatively many connections between SW in winter/spring and Norway in Aug-Sep. Few connections between N and C Europe in winter and close by shores in various months. Few connections during Apr-May and Africa Dec-Jan. Most connections during Aug-Oct with Iceland May, Greenland Jun-Jul, White Sea Sep and W Europe and Africa Sep-Feb. One direct connection between Greenland Jun and Cabo Verde Apr.

Recoveries by Condition for Citril Finch

Overall, practically all recoveries due to birds recaptured alive by ringing. Before 1990, however, around 20% of recoveries were due to birds found dead, sick or wounded.

Annual Movements for Citril Finch

Migration in autumn takes place from Sep-Oct to Nov. Birds remain at their wintering sites up to Feb, returning to their breeding quarters in Mar-Apr.

Connectivity by Month by Region for Citril Finch

Breeding quarters in places from Spain (e.g., W Pyrenees) left in winter, when birds move mostly to E/SE. After breeding, dispersal from conifer forests to nearby mountain pastures common (Borràs et al. 2003, Alonso & Arizaga 2004), then migration to winter quarters in Sep-Oct; return to breeding quarters in Mar-Apr (Alonso & Arizaga 2004). Recoveries of citril finches caught in passage in Col de Bretolet (Alps) mainly in summer (Aug, Sep) concentrated in S France, up to (more rarely) E Iberia, mainly from Nov to Feb. Many of these birds from Alps come from breeding quarters in S Germany (Förschler & Kalko 2007).

Recoveries by Condition for Common Rosefinch

Overall, most recoveries due to birds recaptured alive (96.2%). No data before 1960. There has been a remarkable difference between periods 1961-1990 and 1991-present in the proportion of birds seen alive, identified by other means than ringing: before 1990, this proportion just comprised <2% of all recoveries but from 1991 to present it increased up to 30%, due to the promotion of studies using rings to be read at distance.

Annual Movements for Common Rosefinch

Description focused in nominate subspecies, C. e. eryhtrinus breeding in Fennoscandia and leaving theses areas from late Jul to Aug, arriving to wintering quarters in S Asia in Oct. Spring migration back to breeding areas start mid-Apr, is faster than in autumn, with arrival to breeding quarters by the end of May-Jun (Stach et al. 2016).

Connectivity by Month by Region for Common Rosefinch

Most data come from captures/recaptures obtained during breeding period in Europe, from May to Aug, thus revealing either local natal/breeding dispersal of the first and last steps of their migration to/from S Asia. Recoveries from E Europe/Central Asia probably reveal stopovers, and these may fit with the observed loop migration as revealed by light-level geolocators (Stach et al. 2016), with more N routes in autumn (recovery in Aug in N Kazakhstan) than in spring (recovery in May in Uzbekistan).

Recoveries by Condition for Egyptian Goose

More than half of the reencounters refer to birds that were alive and identified by other means, predominantly metal or colour rings being read in the field. Many colour ring readings are not yet included in atlas. One quarter are shot birds, which mainly occur in the Netherlands, where culling takes place since the 1990s and gradually increased to 20,000 birds annually and caused the population growth to level off (Gyimesi & Lensink 2012). Just 3% are ring recoveries, all in Germany and Belgium. 12% were found dead, most during the winter months, as Egyptian geese are sensitive to cold weather and population size in the Netherlands was reduced during severe winters (Lensink 1999).

Annual Movements for Egyptian Goose

Little variation in time and place visible, with year-round concentrations in Greater London, Brussels and surroundings, Amsterdam, The Hague and German Ruhrgebiet, from where scattered encounters follow river Rhine towards SE. Scattered encounters away from these core areas in N and E Germany occur sparsely in all months.

Connectivity by Month by Region for Egyptian Goose

Limited movement in England, mostly from inland sites during Jun-Jul to coast in Aug-Mar. Most birds in W Europe ringed as nestling or during moult in Belgium in May-Sep. These connect predominantly towards N and NE in the Netherlands and Germany in all months, with a tendency towards longer connections towards NE into Germany occurring in Oct-Mar. In C Europe, longest movements by birds in Dec-Mar connecting to Belgium and Netherlands in May-Sep. Movements in other months relatively short distance in all directions and months.

Recoveries by Condition for Eurasian Pygmy Owl

Protected species throughout Europe. Very few encounters prior to 1960. Most encounters – ca. 74%, were obtained after 2000. The bulk of encounters come from May-Jun – 65% (nestbox ringing), and from Oct-Nov (42%, autumn dispersal/ irruptions). N Europe holds the majority of encounters (ca 93%), mostly Finland. About half (52%) of all distant (>= 50 km) recoveries pertain to travelled distances less than 150 km.

The number of encounters based on dead birds stayed low and decreased slightly over time – from 16% in 1961-1980 to 7% after 1991, while those based on alive birds increased from 83 to 93% respectively (the latter mostly due to ringing encounters). Collision with glass is among the currently important negative factors (2.7%).

Annual Movements for Eurasian Pygmy Owl

Post-breeding dispersal in juveniles is evident as early as Aug. Autumn movements continue until late Nov; the peak in bird numbers has been recorded in early- to mid-Oct (Noskov et al. 2016). Adults migrate later than young birds (Lehikoinen et al. 2011).

During a large irruption in Russia in 1963-64 autumn movements started in Oct, the numbers peaked in Dec and the return movements in spring were noted in Mar (But'ev et al. 2005); similar timing of the northbound movements during the same irruption has been noted for S Sweden (Mikkola 1983).

The species is reluctant to fly over open water (Mikkola 1983); irruptions of Scandinavian population usually cease at the Baltic Sea coast, and there are no encounters connecting N and C Europe.

Connectivity by Month by Region for Eurasian Pygmy Owl

Females move much further away in their natal dispersal compared to males – 31.6 vs. 11.5 km respectively (Newton et al. 2002).

Juveniles initiate their dispersal movements after the breeding season from late summer. In Finland, no preferred direction has been recorded in juveniles during their first autumn and winter (Sep-Feb) movements based on encounters at distances of more than 100 km (Saurola et al. 2013).

A peak in the numbers of both juvenile and adult birds is reached in mid-autumn, the movement intensity decreases in late autumn (Noskov et al. 2016). Return movements in migrating birds have been recorded in early spring (Mikkola 1983; But'ev et al. 2005).

Except for Finland, the data set of distant (>= 50 km) recoveries from other countries is extremely scarce.