Manx Shearwater by Helen Smith

Manx Shearwater P. puffinus is a monotypic black and white medium-sized tubenose of the Atlantic Ocean, breeding on islets off Iceland, Faeroe Islands, British Isles and NW France, but also Atlantic islands (Azores, Madeira, Canary Islands). Also breeding off NE Canada and Massachusetts. In winter, distributed across the whole Atlantic, down to the Cape of Good Hope and the Cape Horn, but absent from the Gulf of Guinea. Closely related Yelkouan Shearwater P. yelkouan is endemic to the Mediterranean, breeding from French islands to the eastern waters, wintering in the Black Sea too. Balearic Shearwater P. mauretanicus breeds only on Balearic Islands, and disperse in the Atlantic, especially the Bay of Biscay and Chanel, in the non-breeding season.

Season of assessment

B

Population trendUnknown
Population size
(min-max, best estimate)		693000-779000,733000
Red List categoryLC
Franks, S., Fiedler, W., Arizaga, J., Jiguet, F., Nikolov, B., van der Jeugd, Ambrosini, R, Aizpurua, O., Bairlein, F., Clark, J., Fattorini, N, Hammond, M., Higgins, D, Levering, H., Skellorn, W., Spina, F, Thorup, K. Walker, J., Woodward, I. and Baillie, S.R. (1) (2022) Online Atlas of the movements of European bird populations. https://migrationatlas.org EURING/CMS (1) Principal investigator
Map

Overall Connectivity for Manx Shearwater

The available data concern predominantly puffinus, ringed in the British Isles, and dispersing to many directions, to the West, South West and South. There are some recoveries to very long distances, in southern Argentina and South Africa. There are also numerous recoveries in Europe, across British waters, the North Sea and in the Gulf of Biscay. Tracking data of puffinus concern only the breeding season (Guilford et al. 2008; Wischnewski et al. 2019). Very few local recoveries of yelkouan along French and Italian coasts. Few recoveries of mauretanicus too, but more spread around Balearic Islands, from the Algerian coast to the Bay of Biscay.

Recoveries by Condition for Manx Shearwater

Historically two third of dead recoveries before 1960, turning to almost only live recoveries, but on breeding colonies, after 1990. Most recoveries obtained in the 2000s and from April to August.

Annual Movements for Manx Shearwater

The relative dates of recoveries along South American coasts suggest a progression towards the South as the non-breeding season progresses, with records along Brazil in October-November, and along Argentina from November to February. Recoveries in the Bay of Biscay are mainly from March to May, suggesting that Manx Shearwaters moved to these waters on their way back to the breeding colonies. Movements between breeding colonies occur between March and September.

Connectivity by Month by Region for Manx Shearwater

Most recoveries of puffinus concern movements between breeding colonies during the breeding season, mostly from March to October. Recoveries along South American Atlantic coasts have been obtained in all months, but less numerous from May to September. Recoveries far South off Africa are from November and January. There is an extra-limital recovery of a British Manx in Australia in November 1961. Balearic birds are recovered outside the Mediterranean mainly in July to September, with birds returning to the Balearic Islands from November onwards.

Frédéric Jiguet

References

Statistics Map
N records N individuals N recoveries
Mapped data*
Total available data
*Mapped data include only distant (>= 50 km) recoveries
References Map
Guilford, T., Meade, J., Freeman, R., Biro, D., Evans, T.J., Bonadonna, F., Boyle, D., Roberts, S.J., Perrins, C.M.2008 . GPS tracking of the foraging movements of Manx Shearwaters Puffinus puffinus breeding on Skomer Island, Wales. Ibis 150 Link to Article (DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919X.2008.00805.x)
Wischnewski, S., Arneill, G.E., Bennison, A.W., Dillane, E., Poupart, T.A., Hinde, C.A., Jessopp, M.J., Quinn, J.L.2019 . Variation in foraging strategies over a large spatial scale reduces parent–offspring conflict in Manx shearwaters. Animal Behaviour 151 Link to Article (DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2019.03.014) : 165–176

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Sergey Dereliev

Largest of the two yellow-billed swans, breeding along pools, lakes, rivers, and in marshes and bogs in the taiga and birch forest zones of northern Europe and Asia. Most breed in Russian Federation. European population is estimated at 25,300-32,800 pairs. Recently expanded its breeding range into Baltic states, Poland, Denmark, Germany and the Netherlands. Migratory, with central European birds moving only short distances. Diet consists of aquatic plants, grasses, sedges and horsetails. During winter also on agricultural fields and pastures. Threatened by habitat degradation in eastern part of range, trend unknown.

Season of assessment

B

Population trendIncreasing
Population size
(min-max, best estimate)		66800-102000,82000
Red List categoryLC
Franks, S., Fiedler, W., Arizaga, J., Jiguet, F., Nikolov, B., van der Jeugd, Ambrosini, R, Aizpurua, O., Bairlein, F., Clark, J., Fattorini, N, Hammond, M., Higgins, D, Levering, H., Skellorn, W., Spina, F, Thorup, K. Walker, J., Woodward, I. and Baillie, S.R. (1) (2022) Online Atlas of the movements of European bird populations. https://migrationatlas.org EURING/CMS (1) Principal investigator
Map

Overall Connectivity for Whooper Swan

Very clear pattern with strong connections between breeding and wintering sites of different populations. Birds breeding Iceland strongly connected to wintering sites in Ireland, Scotland and Northern England, very few connections to European mainland. Birds breeding western Finland and Sweden connected to wintering sites in low countries, few Norfolk and along Elbe in Germany. Birds breeding in Baltic and southern Finland connected to wintering sites in Eastern Germany with clear concentrations along rivers Elbe and Oder. Polish breeding sites connect mainly to Elbe river in winter, also wintering closer-by in western Poland and at Bodensee on German-Swiss border and in Hungary.

Recoveries by Condition for Whooper Swan

Most encounters after 1995, and during winter months. Juveniles ringed between mid-July and begin September. Shot birds rare, mainly Iceland, UK and Russia. Many reports of dead birds in same areas and Finland. Most reencounters are of birds of which rings or colourmarks were read in the field.

Annual Movements for Whooper Swan

Largely stable in December-February, with most re-encounters in UK and Ireland, low countries, Denmark, W Sweden, Germany and Poland. First birds arrive Sweden and Finland in March, northern Finland begin April. Low countries and UK and Ireland vacated by April, breeding birds arrive on Iceland. Wintering areas along Elbe and Oder vacated by mid-April, by mid-May all birds in breeding areas in Poland, Baltic, Finland and Iceland. Few encounters northern Russia in June and July. No change until end September, when first Icelandic birds start moving south. Birds arrive Western Germany begin October; end October first birds appear Denmark and low countries. Inland sites in Finland vacated end October, but quite many birds remain in SW Finland until end November. Birds appear Bodensee from November.

Connectivity by Month by Region for Whooper Swan

Birds breeding Iceland connected to UK and Ireland in November-February. First arrive Iceland in April, last sightings in Oct on south coast. Birds wintering Norfolk mainly connect to Fennoscandia and exchange with wintering sites in low countries, some also Iceland. Birds in Polish breeding sites in May – Sept mainly found along Oder and especially Elbe in Nov – March, fewer remain on ponds in SW and W Poland. Connections to low countries very rare. Birds breeding Baltic and S. Finland Apr-Aug all found along Oder and Elbe in Nov-March with very few moving further West. Birds breeding Sweden and W Finland Apr-Aug found in Denmark and low countries in Nov-Feb. No clear staging areas visible. Connections to breeding areas further East in Russia rare, mainly from birds wintering C. Europe.

Henk van der Jeugd

References

Statistics Map
N records N individuals N recoveries
Mapped data*
Total available data
*Mapped data include only distant (>= 50 km) recoveries

Callum Macgregor

Breeding distribution covers most of Europe except southernmost Mediterranean, and is restricted to mountains in the south of the range. Declining numbers because of agriculture intensification and climate change, though Least Concern on IUCN Red List. Short-distant or altitudinal migrant in southern part of range, truly migratory in northernmost part. Three subspecies: citrinella in most of Europe and south-east England, erythrogenys from eastern Balkans and Russia to Siberia, caliginosa in Ireland and Great Britain.

Season of assessment

B

Population trendDecreasing
Population size
(min-max, best estimate)		39000000-54000000,45500000
Red List categoryLC
Franks, S., Fiedler, W., Arizaga, J., Jiguet, F., Nikolov, B., van der Jeugd, Ambrosini, R, Aizpurua, O., Bairlein, F., Clark, J., Fattorini, N, Hammond, M., Higgins, D, Levering, H., Skellorn, W., Spina, F, Thorup, K. Walker, J., Woodward, I. and Baillie, S.R. (1) (2022) Online Atlas of the movements of European bird populations. https://migrationatlas.org EURING/CMS (1) Principal investigator
Map

Overall Connectivity for Yellowhammer

Most populations are resident, or undergo local winter dispersal to lower altitudes or coastal farmlands. Some migration in a south-westward direction, e.g. from the North to Central Europe to the West of Europe, or from East to South-Central or South East Europe. Movements also attested by winter recoveries in e.g. Iberia and Mediterranean coast of France, where the species does not breed. Possible long-distance movements from Central Russia as suggested by regular Mediterranean wintering records of an Asian sister species in Europe (Pine Bunting Emberiza leucocephalos), though no ringing efforts in the extreme East of the range. Reported wintering site fidelity in migratory populations wintering in NE Spain (Herrando et al. 2011), also changes in the wintering grounds between different years and movements due to cold spells (Cramp & Perrins 1994). No evidence of sex- or age-specific dispersal strategies (Lehikoinen et al. 2017).

Recoveries by Condition for Yellowhammer

As for many passerines, recoveries are mostly birds retrapped alive (globally ~80%). This has increased as a result of increased ringing effort since the 2000s, especially in NW and N Europe. Half of the recoveries before 1961 were of dead birds, but this has fallen to ~3% in recent years.

Annual Movements for Yellowhammer

Most yellowhammers leave the northernmost part of the species range in October, and return in April. Records of breeders away from their region (North, East, …) are scattered from the first decade of October to the second decade of April. Movements from the West to Mediterranean wintering grounds seem to be more restricted in time, from late October to early March. The large ringing effort on in the North-West provide evidence that yellowhammers of ssp. caliginosa do not leave the British Isles.

Connectivity by Month by Region for Yellowhammer

Difficult to describe connectivity among months as most birds stay in their breeding region throughout the year, but some links can be described. In the North, movements within the region in October to move southwards, April to come back on breeding grounds, with very few recoveries elsewhere in Europe, despite an important ringing effort. Birds from Central Europe are present year-round in their region, but some recoveries in Mediterranean countries from mid-October to early March (Gyurácz et al. 2017). Less ring recoveries of caliginosa in Northern Scotland in mid-winter, but might be due to low ringing effort to recapture birds. Only two recoveries of British birds on the continent (in November and January), in countries with important winter ringing effort, so anecdotical.

Frédéric Jiguet

References

Statistics Map
N records N individuals N recoveries
Mapped data*
Total available data
*Mapped data include only distant (>= 50 km) recoveries
References Map
2011 . Atles dels ocells de Catalunya a l’hivern 2006-2009. Institut Català d’Ornitologia (ICO)/Lynx edicions, Barcelona, SpainEditor(s): Herrando, S., Brotons, L., Estrada, J., Guallar, S. & Anton, M.
1994 . The Birds of the Western Palearctic. Vol. 9. Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, New YorkEditor(s): Cramp, S., Perrins, C.
Gyurácz J., Bánhidi P., Góczán J., Illés P., Kalmár S., Koszorús P., Lukács Z., Németh C., Varga L2017 . Bird number dynamics during the post-breeding period at the Tömörd Bird Ringing Station, western Hungary. Ring 39: 23–82
Lehikoinen A, Santaharju J, Moller AP2017 . Sex-specific timing of autumn migration in birds: the role of sexual size dimorphism, migration distance and differences in breeding investment. Ornis Fennica 94: 53–65

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Callum Macgregor

Mandarin Duck is native to E Asia, but there are several settled feral populations in NW Europe (BirdLife International 2021). The European population grew rapidly until late 1990, but is currently declining (BirdLife International 2021). Said to be a threated bird in its native breeding area, so  the European populations may have a conservation value (Van Kleunen & Lemaire 2014), although it is listed as of Least Concern (BirdLife International 2021). 

Franks, S., Fiedler, W., Arizaga, J., Jiguet, F., Nikolov, B., van der Jeugd, Ambrosini, R, Aizpurua, O., Bairlein, F., Clark, J., Fattorini, N, Hammond, M., Higgins, D, Levering, H., Skellorn, W., Spina, F, Thorup, K. Walker, J., Woodward, I. and Baillie, S.R. (1) (2022) Online Atlas of the movements of European bird populations. https://migrationatlas.org EURING/CMS (1) Principal investigator
Map

Overall Connectivity for Mandarin Duck

Most movements are short-distance (<1,000 km) post-fledging/post-breeding dispersal. Mainly resident in NW Europe, athough some individuals migrate, reaching the Bay of Biscay in N Iberia. Continental populations (from C, W and N Europe) seem to be more mobile, with clearer seasonal movements to the W and S, probably to avoid iced water bodies but connectivity seems to be low.

Recoveries by Condition for Mandarin Duck

Most recoveries (>97%) are of birds seen alive and identified by their metal ring or colour marks. In contrast to other duck species, there are few recoveries from shooting before 1991 (~ 7%), when most recoveries were of birds intentionally taken (84%), probably for waterfowl collections, parks and zoos (Van Kleunen & Lemaire 2014); since 1991 fewer than 1% of recoveries are intentionally taken.

Annual Movements for Mandarin Duck

Dispersal starts in Jul-Aug. Birds making longer-distance movements seem to reach their wintering sites rapidly, as early as Aug-Sep. Wintering reported at least up to Jan, with most recoveries being found between 50°-55° N.

Connectivity by Month by Region for Mandarin Duck

NW population starts post-fledging/post-breeding dispersal in Jul/Aug - there is a recovery in the Bay of Biscay in Aug of a bird ringed in the British Isles. Recoveries of two adult males ringed in the British Isles and shot in Russia in Apr and Oct show that the British Isles host wintering birds from NE Europe. The Scandinavian population largely winters from S Scandinavia to the British Isles, with recoveries in what are presumably the winter quarters from Sep to Jan. Recoveries in Central Europe occur mostly in Sep and may be of birds still on passage.

Olatz Aizpurua & Juan Arizaga

References

Statistics Map
N records N individuals N recoveries
Mapped data*
Total available data
*Mapped data include only distant (>= 50 km) recoveries
References Map
BirdLife International2021 . Species factsheet: Aix galericulata.
Van Kleunen A., Lemaire A.J.J.2014 . A risk assessment of Mandarin Duck (Aix Galericulata) in the Netherlands. Sovon-report 2014/15. Sovon-report 2014/15 Sovon Dutch Centre for Field Ornithology, Nijmegen

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Sergey Dereliev

Pelagic gull breeding in colonies in the Arctic and subarctic region. Two subspecies, with the nominate one breeding from E Canada/Greenland to NW Russia, extending to S up to Iberia. Globally threatened species, classified as vulnerable (BirdLife International 2021)

Season of assessment

B

Population trendDecreasing
Population size
(min-max, best estimate)		3250000-3450000,3330000
Red List categoryVU
Franks, S., Fiedler, W., Arizaga, J., Jiguet, F., Nikolov, B., van der Jeugd, Ambrosini, R, Aizpurua, O., Bairlein, F., Clark, J., Fattorini, N, Hammond, M., Higgins, D, Levering, H., Skellorn, W., Spina, F, Thorup, K. Walker, J., Woodward, I. and Baillie, S.R. (1) (2022) Online Atlas of the movements of European bird populations. https://migrationatlas.org EURING/CMS (1) Principal investigator
Map

Overall Connectivity for Black-legged Kittiwake

A very pelagic gull (e.g., Bogdanova et al. 2011), so many recoveries show natal/breeding dispersal, rather than breeding-wintering migratory movements. Philopatry assessed to be relatively low (Coulson & Nève de Mévergnie 1992). Overall, dispersal occurs widely over N Atlantic, rarely to S Atlantic (W African coasts) or other areas (Mediterranean up to Ukraine). Return to breeding colonies normally not before the third summer, and adults move less than immatures (Barrett 1997). Birds from N colonies tend to winter N than birds from S colonies (Barrett & Bakken 1997), though connectivity is weak, overall, a finding also supported by genetic studies (McCoy et al. 2005).

Recoveries by Condition for Black-legged Kittiwake

Overall, most recoveries due to birds seen alive identified with leg ring(s) or other means (53%), followed by recaptures of ringed individuals (32%). Up to 1990, a high proportion (ca. 50%) of recoveries due to birds found dead, sick/wounded, and yet also a proportion of recoveries due to shot (up to 27% before 1960). From 1990 to present, a high majority of the recoveries are due to birds found alive, most (59%) identified with leg ring(s) or other means.

Annual Movements for Black-legged Kittiwake

Colonies left by Jul-Aug, adult birds first. Return to breeding colonies from Jan (S part of their distribution range) or from Mar (N part of their range, mostly Arctic region). Distance of migration even vary among individual birds form a same colony, revealing complex dispersal pattern which is often associated to particular individual life histories (Bogdanova et al. 2011). 

Connectivity by Month by Region for Black-legged Kittiwake

C European Kittiwakes show apparently random natal/breeding dispersal from the N Sea area to S Greenland, NW Europe up to N Scandinavia. Few recoveries in winter, highly biased, most inland in C Europe (often drifted birds during storms). E Kittwakes from NE Fennoscandia show natal/breeding dispersal to UK up to Greenland. Recoveries in winter mostly SW, from Europe to E Canada. N Kittiwakes from W Scandinavia show movements W/SE, either in winter or due to natal/breeding dispersal, to NW Europe, Greenland, up to E Canada. NW gulls (mostly from UK) show natal/breeding dispersal mostly from NW to NE (i.e., from E Canada to NE Fennoscandia); winter recoveries more randomly, many around Faroe, also E Canada, W European coast from Iberia to S Scandinavia.

Juan Arizaga & Olatz Aizpurua

References

Statistics Map
N records N individuals N recoveries
Mapped data*
Total available data
*Mapped data include only distant (>= 50 km) recoveries
References Map
Barrett, R. T., Bakken, V.1997 . Movements of Kittiwakes Rissa tridactyla ringed in Norway. Ringing & Migration 18: 25–32
Barrett, R.T.1997 . Movements of Kittiwakes Rissa tridactyla ringed in Norway. Ringing & Migration 18: 25–32
BirdLife International2021 . Species factsheet: Rissa tridactyla. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 11/10/2021.
Bogdanova, M. I., Daunt, F., Newell, M., Phillips, R. A., Harris, M. P., Wanless, S.2011 . Seasonal interactions in the black-legged kittiwake, Rissa tridactyla: links between breeding performance and winter distribution. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278: 2412–2418
Coulson, J. C., Nève de Mévergnies, G.1992 . Where do young Kittiwakes Rissa tridactyla breed, philopatry or dispersal?. Ardea 80: 187–197
McCoy, K. D., Boulinier, T., Tirard, C.2005 . Comparative host–parasite population structures: disentangling prospecting and dispersal in the black-legged kittiwake Rissa tridactyla. Molecular Ecology 14: 2825–2838

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Aron Tanti

A common warbler found around the Mediterranean (Shirihai et al. 2001). First record in Russia in 2010, suggesting N colonization (Bulyuk & Leoke 2010). Mostly resident, though some populations are partly migratory and winter in N Africa (Shirihai et al. 2001). Insectivorous, though its diet has a high proportion of fruit (mostly berries), especially in the non-breeding period. 

Season of assessment

B

Population trendStable
Population size
(min-max, best estimate)		15400000-32100000,21400000
Red List categoryLC
Franks, S., Fiedler, W., Arizaga, J., Jiguet, F., Nikolov, B., van der Jeugd, Ambrosini, R, Aizpurua, O., Bairlein, F., Clark, J., Fattorini, N, Hammond, M., Higgins, D, Levering, H., Skellorn, W., Spina, F, Thorup, K. Walker, J., Woodward, I. and Baillie, S.R. (1) (2022) Online Atlas of the movements of European bird populations. https://migrationatlas.org EURING/CMS (1) Principal investigator
Map

Overall Connectivity for Sardinian Warbler

Data are from Mediterranean countries, mainly Spain and Italy. Encounters show random dispersal (mainly at <500 km), rather than true migration. There are exceptional long-distance recoveries in SW Palearctic/W Africa (Canary archipelago, Ghana) and in Cyprus. Several records in winter S of the Sahara, suggest that at least some birds are trans-Saharan migrants (Pearson & Lack 1992). 

Recoveries by Condition for Sardinian Warbler

There are no recoveries before 1961. Between 1961 and 1990, 76% of recoveries were recaptures by ringers, while <2% were shot. Since 1991, 99% of the recoveries are from birds recaptured alive by ringers.

Annual Movements for Sardinian Warbler

There are encounters in every month of the year and throughout the range. Post-breeding dispersal starts late Aug and winter quarters in S Algerian Sahara are reached in Oct (Shirihai et al. 2001). The migratory birds retun to their breeding areas from late Feb to Apr (HBW).  

Connectivity by Month by Region for Sardinian Warbler

A chiefly resident species. See ‘Annual movements’.

Olatz Aizpurua & Juan Arizaga

References

Statistics Map
N records N individuals N recoveries
Mapped data*
Total available data
*Mapped data include only distant (>= 50 km) recoveries
References Map
Bulyuk, V.N. & Leoke, D.2010 . The Sardinian Warbler, Sylvia melanocephala (J.F. Gmelin, 1789), a new species for Russia’s fauna. Avian Ecology and Behaviour 17: 23–24
Pearson, D. J., Lack, P. C.1992 . Migration patterns and habitat use by passerine and near-passerine migrant birds in eastern Africa. Ibis 134: 89–98
Shirihai, H., Gargallo, G. & Helbig, A.J2001 . Sylvia Warblers: Identification, Taxonomy and Phylogeny of the Genus Sylvia. Helm Identification Guides. ISBN: 9780713639841Bloomsbury Publishing, London 576pp

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Anne Cotton

Large, predominantly black waterbird, relying almost entirely on fish. Breeds in small to very large colonies, found both in freshwater as well as marine habitats. Very large, near cosmopolitan breeding range. In Europe, disjunct breeding distribution from France and UK east to Black Sea region, Belarus, Baltic states, and N to northernmost Norway. Northern and eastern populations migratory, western and southern populations largely resident with some dispersal. European population 401,000-512,000 breeding pairs with increasing trend. Prone to drowning in fishing nets, some populations controlled.

Season of assessment

B

Population trendIncreasing
Population size
(min-max, best estimate)		828000-1030000,926000
Red List categoryLC
Franks, S., Fiedler, W., Arizaga, J., Jiguet, F., Nikolov, B., van der Jeugd, Ambrosini, R, Aizpurua, O., Bairlein, F., Clark, J., Fattorini, N, Hammond, M., Higgins, D, Levering, H., Skellorn, W., Spina, F, Thorup, K. Walker, J., Woodward, I. and Baillie, S.R. (1) (2022) Online Atlas of the movements of European bird populations. https://migrationatlas.org EURING/CMS (1) Principal investigator
Map

Overall Connectivity for Great Cormorant

UK birds move due S to Atlantic coast of France and NW Spain. Birds in W Europe largely resident, Some move to France, fewer Spain and Tunisia. Central European breeders mainly move SW, some reaching Tunisia and French and Spanish Mediterranean coasts, minority moves SSE to Greece. Northern and eastern populations move longest, predominantly to Spain and Tunisia, one reached S Mali.  Males stay closer to breeding areas than females (Bregnballe et al. 1997). Minority of eastern populations move due S to Greece. Birds breeding northern Black Sea coast move to Middle east in winter or remain in area. Birds breeding Wolga Delta winter southern coast of Caspian Sea or further S to Persian Gulf.

Recoveries by Condition for Great Cormorant

Almost two-thirds of all recoveries are of dead birds; among which 20% are shot or otherwise taken, remainder is other causes of death. Reports of shot birds biased towards France and Italy, few in N. Europe, almost none in low countries. Dead birds from other causes are relatively evenly distributed in coastal areas throughout Europe. Ringing recoveries very few, ring readings almost one-third, mainly in UK, Netherlands, Denmark and Germany.

Annual Movements for Great Cormorant

During winter Nov-Feb most re-encounters in N. Africa, SW, SC, W and C Europe, UK/Ireland and coast of Norway. From begin Mar numbers in NW Africa and Middle East decrease, fewer in France and fewer on Norway coast. From begin April N. Africa and SE Europe largely vacated. Begin May re-encounters more concentrated in colonies in NW, W, C and N. Europe. Begin Jun. whole of S. Europe vacated and marked concentrations in low countries, Denmark, coast of UK and France and Baltic coasts. First encounters in northernmost colonies begin May, until mid Aug. First birds return to N. Africa in Oct, more dispersed re-encounters in inland France, Spain, Italy. Birds re-appear in Middle East only end Nov.

Connectivity by Month by Region for Great Cormorant

Winter re-encounters in Nov-Mar in N. Europe entirely confined to coast, and connected to northernmost breeding sites in Jun-Jul. Breeding birds in May-Jul connect to wintering sites in France, Spain, Italy and NW Africa. Few birds winter in E. Europe, encounters in Nov-Mar on Baltic, Black Sea and Caspian Sea coasts connected to close-by breeding sites. Breeding birds in May-Jul connect to wintering sites scattered over C, SW, SC and SE Europe in Oct-Feb. Wintering birds in W. Europe Oct-Mar connect to breeding sites in UK and Ireland, Denmark and Baltic in May-Jul, but not to Northernmost colonies. Breeding birds in May-Jul connect to wintering sites in France, Spain and Tunisia in Oct-Mar. Breeding season encounters in May-Jul in SW, SC and SE Europe mainly connect to more northern breeding sites in May-Jul.

Henk van der Jeugd

References

Statistics Map
N records N individuals N recoveries
Mapped data*
Total available data
*Mapped data include only distant (>= 50 km) recoveries

Michele Mendi

Medium-sized forest-dwelling raptor distributed over large part of the Palaeartic and Neartic regions (BirdLife International 2021). European populations mainly sedentary with juvenile dispersal; partially migratory in Fennoscandia and Russia (Byholm et al. 2003). Reverse sexual dimorphism, with males being smaller than females. Up to 8 recognized subspecies, the nominate A. g. gentilis is the one occurring in Europe (Squires et al. 2020).

Season of assessment

B

Population trendDecreasing
Population size
(min-max, best estimate)		234000-380000,291000
Red List categoryLC
Franks, S., Fiedler, W., Arizaga, J., Jiguet, F., Nikolov, B., van der Jeugd, Ambrosini, R, Aizpurua, O., Bairlein, F., Clark, J., Fattorini, N, Hammond, M., Higgins, D, Levering, H., Skellorn, W., Spina, F, Thorup, K. Walker, J., Woodward, I. and Baillie, S.R. (1) (2022) Online Atlas of the movements of European bird populations. https://migrationatlas.org EURING/CMS (1) Principal investigator
Map

Overall Connectivity for Northern Goshawk

Different movement patterns between regions (Väli & Vainu 2013). In most Europe, most movements are short-range and show juvenile dispersal around natal sites or post-breeding dispersal to better hunting grounds (Väli & Vainu 2013; Rutz et al. 2006). N populations (Fennoscandia) show a partial migratory pattern, moving seasonally southwards (SW). Finnish population mostly overwinter in S Scandinavia. Most recoveries in S Europe obtained in Greek islands. More than 85% of recovery data come from N Europe, which could in part reflect small ringing effort of this species in most Europe. Available tracking data mostly show local movements of resident individuals. 

Recoveries by Condition for Northern Goshawk

Overall, most recoveries due to dead birds (ca. 73%). The proportion of deaths caused by shooting has sharply decreased with time, being 48% before 1960, 26% between 1961-1990 and only 2.8% from 1991- to present. Even though the proportion of birds found alive is increasing with time (9.1% before 1961; 17.4% between 1961-1990; 29.3% from 1991-to present), the proportion of dead recoveries is still higher (ca.64% from 1991- to present).

Annual Movements for Northern Goshawk

Post-fledging and partial migration of N European population begins in Aug-Sep, across a NE-SW axis. The rest of populations are sedentary and they show short-range movements (usually <100 km) all year-round with a post-breeding peak.

Connectivity by Month by Region for Northern Goshawk

Overall, outstanding peak of ringing data in Jun (most goshawks ringed as nestlings). In N Europe, juvenile dispersion or partial migration begins in Aug-Sept, following a SW axis to S Escandinavia (S Sweden, Denmark). Few data in spring, so it is sometimes difficult to separate what are true migratory movements from what could be natal or breeding dispersals (Rutz et al. 2006). Individuals from the rest of the European ringing regions does not seem to show clear temporal movement patterns.

Olatz Aizpurua & Juan Arizaga

References

Statistics Map
N records N individuals N recoveries
Mapped data*
Total available data
*Mapped data include only distant (>= 50 km) recoveries
References Map
BirdLife International2021 . Species factsheet: Accipiter gentilis.
Byholm, P., Saurola, P., Harto, L., Wikman, M.2003 . Causes of dispersal in Northern Goshawks (Accipiter gentilis) in Finland. The Auk 120: 706–716
Rutz, C., Bijlsma, R.G., Marquiss, M., Kenward, R.E.2006 . Population limitation in the Northern Goshawk in Europe: A review with case studies. Studies in Avian Biology 31: 158–197
Squires, J. R., Reynolds, R. T., Orta, J., Marks, J. S.2020 . Northern Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis), version 1.0. In Birds of the World Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA
Väli, Ü., Vainu, O.2013 . Movements of the Goshawk in Estonia: an analysis of ring recoveries. Ringing & Migration 28: 106–112

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Michele Mendi

A long-distance migratory passerine, breeding from W Europe/NW Africa to C Asia, and wintering across the Sahelian belt up to E Africa (BirdLife International 2021). In Europe, it avoids the coldest regions, incl. Scandinavia, the Baltic area, E Europe, Iceland, Ireland and the N half of UK; also some main mountain ranges like the Alps.  

Season of assessment

B

Population trendStable
Population size
(min-max, best estimate)		20400000-30700000,24800000
Red List categoryLC
Franks, S., Fiedler, W., Arizaga, J., Jiguet, F., Nikolov, B., van der Jeugd, Ambrosini, R, Aizpurua, O., Bairlein, F., Clark, J., Fattorini, N, Hammond, M., Higgins, D, Levering, H., Skellorn, W., Spina, F, Thorup, K. Walker, J., Woodward, I. and Baillie, S.R. (1) (2022) Online Atlas of the movements of European bird populations. https://migrationatlas.org EURING/CMS (1) Principal investigator
Map

Overall Connectivity for Common Nightingale

Few recoveries S of the Sahara, hampering us to obtain firm conclusions only using ring-recovery data. Recoveries in Europe/N Africa draw parallel migration patterns, with birds breeding in regions further W also passing further W (Iberia, NW Africa) than populations from further E regions (C Mediterranean, or SE Europe). Recent works using light-level geolocators show high connectivity in Africa (Sahelian belt), due to the existence of parallel migration patterns (Hahn et al. 2014), thus confirming what is sensed in Europe/N Africa. Detours in autumn larger for the W population than for the C/E European populations (Hahn et al. 2014). W/C nightingales change more often their wintering sites (>80%) than E birds (18%) (Hahn et al. 2014).

Recoveries by Condition for Common Nightingale

Most recoveries (96%) due to birds captured alive thanks to ringing. Before 1960, however, almost 30% of recoveries were due to birds found dead/sick/wounded. Since then, most recoveries fit to the general pattern show above.

Annual Movements for Common Nightingale

Movements to S patent in Sep in Europe. Already in Oct, the amount of recoveries in Europe drops substantially hence reflecting that most birds would be then in Africa. Recoveries in the Sahelian belt from Nov to Mar (though take this with caution due to low sample size). Return to Europe patent in Mar. Recoveries suggest arrival to breeding quarters mostly in Apr. Few recoveries in Europe in winter. Nightingales wintering in S Europe (e.g. Guadalquivir region in S Spain) is becoming a frequent phenomenon (Morganti & Pulido 2012). Duration of autumn migration estimated to be ca. 70 days, and the spring one 30 days (Hahn et al. 2014).

Connectivity by Month by Region for Common Nightingale

Detailed data only possible if combining ring-recovery data with results from light-level geolocators. Departure from breeding sites in early Aug for the W/E populations, ca. 2 weeks later for the C population (Hahn et al. 2014). Important stopovers in Aug/Sep in: (1) W birds: Iberia, S France, Italy (more rarely), W/E Atlas; (2) C birds: Italy, E Atlas, Lybia; (3) E birds: SE Europe, E Sahara (Hahn et al. 2014). Recoveries in Mediterranean islands very common (e.g., Rubolini et al. 2005; Gargallo et al. 2011). Arrival to winter quarters in Oct. Departure in spring from Africa rather similar across populations, in Mar. Arrival to breeding quarters in Europe in Apr.

Juan Arizaga

References

Statistics Map
N records N individuals N recoveries
Mapped data*
Total available data
*Mapped data include only distant (>= 50 km) recoveries
References Map
BirdLife International 2021 . Species factsheet: Luscinia megarhynchos.
Gargallo, G., Barriocanal, C., Castany, J., Clarabuch, O., Escandell, R., López, G., Rguibi, H., Robson, D., Suarez, M.2011 . Spring bird migration in the Western Mediterranean: results from the Piccole Isole Project. Monografies del Museu de Ciències Naturals, 6., Barcelona.
Hahn, S., Emmenegger, T., Lisovski, S., Amrhein, V., Zehtindjiev, P., Liechti, F.2014 . Variable detours in long-distance migration across ecological barriers and their relation to habitat availability at ground. Ecology and Evolution 4: 4150–4160
Morganti, M., Pulido, F.2012 . Invernada de aves migradoras transaharianas en España. In: SEO/BirdLife (Eds.), Atlas de las aves en invierno en España 2007-2010. Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentación y Medioambiente-SEO/BirdLife, Madrid: 59–64
Rubolini, D., Spina, F., Saino, N.2005 . Correlates of timing of spring migration in birds: a comparative study of trans-Saharan migrants. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 85: 199–210

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Callum Macgregor

Breeds in boreal coniferous forests throughout N Palaearctic (BirdLife International 2022). Belongs to redpoll complex with sister species: C. hornemanni and C. cabaret. Migratory strategies vary from resident to migratory and irruptive (Clement 2010).

Season of assessment

B

Population trendIncreasing
Population size
(min-max, best estimate)		Sheet1'!$A$2:$H$545
Red List categoryLC
Franks, S., Fiedler, W., Arizaga, J., Jiguet, F., Nikolov, B., van der Jeugd, Ambrosini, R, Aizpurua, O., Bairlein, F., Clark, J., Fattorini, N, Hammond, M., Higgins, D, Levering, H., Skellorn, W., Spina, F, Thorup, K. Walker, J., Woodward, I. and Baillie, S.R. (1) (2022) Online Atlas of the movements of European bird populations. https://migrationatlas.org EURING/CMS (1) Principal investigator
Map

Overall Connectivity for Common/Lesser Redpoll

Most recovery data from N and NW European ringing regions. Most populations follow on average a N-S or NW-SE axis, with recoveries as far as N Kazakhstan, up to China. Two recoveries at >4000 km, mostly <2000 km.

Recoveries by Condition for Common/Lesser Redpoll

Overall, most recoveries due to ringing (92%). Pre-1960 recovery data show, however, ca. 30% of recoveries due to birds found dead, from them 5% by short, rest sound sick, wounded; ca. 60% of recoveries due to birds found alive (including recaptures associated to ringing). During the other two time periods, alive ringing recovery comprise 79% between 1961-1990 and 95% in the 1991- to present time period, with great increase in absolute capture numbers with time.

Annual Movements for Common/Lesser Redpoll

Post-breeding dispersal occurs from Jul to Aug. Autumn migration to S mostly from Oct to Nov. Number of migrants and distance travelled during migration strongly associated with food supply. Spring migration from mid-Mar to May (Clement 2010).

Connectivity by Month by Region for Common/Lesser Redpoll

Birds from UK move S/Se, reaching the S shores of English Channel, with recoveries in winter from S UK to W Europe (mainly France to Western Germany). Many recoveries in Belgium in Oct-Nov, showing then passage, rather than winter visitors. Probably, these birds follow a SE direction to SC Europe. Scandinavia birds move S, occupying most of N half of Europe in winter, with practically no recoveries in S Europe. Birds from E Scandinavia move SE, up to China; these recoveries in winter quarters mostly from Oct to Mar. Birds seemingly breeding in C Europe show more randomly-directed axes of migration, usually short-range or shorter than movements found from birds from N latitudes.

Olatz Aizpurua & Juan Arizaga

References

Statistics Map
N records N individuals N recoveries
Mapped data*
Total available data
*Mapped data include only distant (>= 50 km) recoveries
References Map
BirdLife International 2022 . Species factsheet: Acanthis flammea.
Peter Clement2010 . Finches and Sparrows. Helm Identification Guides. ISBN: 1408135302, 9781408135303A & C Black, London 512pp

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