Gunther Zieger

The only grey goose with a circumpolar arctic distribution. Two subspecies in Europe, with nominate pink-billed albifrons breeding in northern Russia and Siberia and wintering across milder parts of continental Europe, and the larger, orange-billed subspecies flavirostris, which breeds in western Greenland and winters in Ireland, wetsern Scotland, England and Wales.

Season of assessment

W

Population trendStable
Population size
(min-max, best estimate)		1180000-1970000,1420000
Red List categoryLC
Franks, S., Fiedler, W., Arizaga, J., Jiguet, F., Nikolov, B., van der Jeugd, Ambrosini, R, Aizpurua, O., Bairlein, F., Clark, J., Fattorini, N, Hammond, M., Higgins, D, Levering, H., Skellorn, W., Spina, F, Thorup, K. Walker, J., Woodward, I. and Baillie, S.R. (1) (2022) Online Atlas of the movements of European bird populations. https://migrationatlas.org EURING/CMS (1) Principal investigator
Map

Overall Connectivity for Greater White-fronted Goose

Russian and Siberian albifrons moves southwest to winter in Northwest, Central and Southeast Europe. Most recoveries have been obtained during the early 2000s. Most ringing efforts on the wintering grounds, in West and Central Europe, so connectivity patterns from ringing recoveries do not illustrate well the destinations of Siberian breeders. No age specific migration strategies, as expected from species undergoing fall familial migration (Kölzsch et al. 2020). Tracked birds wintering in Hungary breed in Arctic Central Siberia, while tracked birds wintering in the Netherlands bred in Arctic Western Siberia, near the Pechora Sea. West Greenland flavirostris move south-east staging in spring and autumn in Iceland to winter in Ireland and western Britain.

Recoveries by Condition for Greater White-fronted Goose

As for other hunted grey geese, we observe a classical switch from mainly dead recoveries (89%) before 1960 to mainly colour mark reads today (85%), though dead recoveries still the second recovery condition (14%). The large amount of alive recoveries thanks to colour marking in the 2000s drives the general pattern of live re-encounters.

Annual Movements for Greater White-fronted Goose

Two wintering families tagged in the Netherlands moved above the continent, with stopovers in Belarus, then moved along the Arctic coast to reach the Taymyr (Kölzsch et al. 2020). Birds tagged in the lower countries in winter migrated to Western siberia and took considerably longer for spring migration (83 days) than autumn migration (42 days) (Kölzsch et al. 2016). Birds tagged in winter in Hungary migrated eastward north of the Black Sea, above North Kazakhstan before turning North to reach the Taymyr. This difference in duration was mainly determined by time spent at stopovers. Tracked flavirostris wintering in Ireland and Scotland departed during the last days of March / first decade of April to reach Iceland where they refuelled, and left Iceland for Greenland during the first week of May, arriving on their breeding grounds two days later.

Connectivity by Month by Region for Greater White-fronted Goose

Northwest movements of Siberian birds wintering in the Low Countries start at the end of February, with an obvious concentration of recoveries during April in Central Europe, and moves along the Russian arctic coast in May. Return migration starts in September but occurs mainly in October over Central Europe, with winterers almost all arrived in the lower countries by the end of the month (Kölzsch et al. 2016). Greenland flavirostris is present in Iceland late August-late November, with most present from mid-September to early November.

Frédéric Jiguet

References

Statistics Map
N records N individuals N recoveries
Mapped data*
Total available data
*Mapped data include only distant (>= 50 km) recoveries
References Map
Kölzsch A, Flack A, Müskens GJDM, Kruckenberg H, Glazov P, Wikelski M2020 . Goose parents lead migration V. Journal of Avian Biology 51 Link to Article (DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jav.02392)
Kölzsch A, Müskens GJDM, Kruckenberg H, Glazov P, Weinzierl R, Nolet BA, Wikelski M2016 . Towards a new understanding of migration timing: slower spring than autumn migration in geese reflects different decision rules for stopover use and departure. Oikos 125 Link to Article (DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/oik.03121) : 1496–1507

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Michele Mendi

The species occurs in open and semi-open forest and woodland habitats, farmland with trees, parks and gardens in human settlements. For hunting, it requires richly structured habitat, often with some preference for access to water (Holt et al. 2020). 

Its distribution covers most of W Palearctic – the species is widespread in Europe (except for N Fennoscandia and NW Russia), the occurrence is patchier in NW Africa, Middle East and C Asia (Keller et al. 2020).

All populations are resident. However, long-distance dispersal movements are rarely recorded.

Its population trend in Europe is unknown. Evaluated as “Least Concern” (BirdLife International 2021).

Season of assessment

B

Population trendStable
Population size
(min-max, best estimate)		1260000-1870000,1520000
Red List categoryLC
Franks, S., Fiedler, W., Arizaga, J., Jiguet, F., Nikolov, B., van der Jeugd, Ambrosini, R, Aizpurua, O., Bairlein, F., Clark, J., Fattorini, N, Hammond, M., Higgins, D, Levering, H., Skellorn, W., Spina, F, Thorup, K. Walker, J., Woodward, I. and Baillie, S.R. (1) (2022) Online Atlas of the movements of European bird populations. https://migrationatlas.org EURING/CMS (1) Principal investigator
Map

Overall Connectivity for Tawny Owl

All European populations are largely sedentary, the species moves only very short distances between seasons. Although the sample size of distant recoveries (>=50 km) is large, almost all long-distance movements are less than 300 km from the place of ringing. Usually no prevailing direction of dispersal has been detected.

Dataset involves mostly within-country movements and small amount of short-distance movements across neighbouring countries. In some long-distance encounters (British Isles, Finland to Poland) human assistance has been suspected (Saurola et al. 2013; Wernham et al. 2002). Other long-distance encounters (of more than 500 km) involve movements from Belgium to SW France, Hungary – N Italy, within Sweden.

Recoveries by Condition for Tawny Owl

Currently protected species in Europe. Most encounters are obtained after the mid-1970s. More than half of all encounters come from N Europe (ca. 51%). The encounters are mainly recorded in Apr-May – ca. 61% (nestbox ringing).

The encounters based on dead birds decreased over time (from 84% pre-1960 to 36% after 1991), while those based on alive birds – markedly increased (from ca. 11% to 61% respectively); the latter is mostly due to ringing encounters (mostly coming from Finland). Unlike many other raptors, shooting was not so frequent as recovery condition in the past (from 7% of all cases pre-1960 to less than 1% afterwards). Traffic is among the currently important negative factors (13% of all cases).

Annual Movements for Tawny Owl

In N Europe, post-breeding dispersal in juveniles takes place Sep-Nov, sometimes it continues in winter (Dec-Jan). In Feb-Mar they leave the wintering sites in search of breeding territories (Noskov et al. 2016). In temperate areas, dispersal is usually within radius of a few km of natal site; in Fennoscandia, up to 20 km (Holt et al. 2020). In Britain, only 7% of natal dispersal movements in juvenile birds have been of more than 20 km. Adults are strongly territorial throughout the year, the median distance moved is less than 1 km (Wernham et al. 2002). In Finland, both males and females have been found to breed within a radius of 3 km from year to year; the longest distance between two successive nest sites in males being 35 km, while in females – 231 km (Saurola et al. 2013).

Connectivity by Month by Region for Tawny Owl

In Finland, natal dispersal directions in adult males and females are distributed quite randomly – the respective distances from the natal site to the first recorded breeding site is 14 km (median) in males and 17 km in females. The preferred direction in juveniles during their first autumn and winter (Sep-Feb) movements is S, based on encounters at distances of more than 100 km (Saurola et al. 2013).

Higher dispersal rate and greater movements are recorded on the N fringe of the species range (Scandinavia) – even so, only 7% are encountered more than 100 km away (Wernham et al. 2002).

Juvenile birds in the populations to the N undertake dispersal movements in early- to late autumn and the movements towards the breeding sites usually start from late winter to early spring.

Boris Nikolov

References

Statistics Map
N records N individuals N recoveries
Mapped data*
Total available data
*Mapped data include only distant (>= 50 km) recoveries
References Map
2020 . European Breeding Bird Atlas 2: Distribution, Abundance and Change. European Bird Census Council & Lynx Edicions, BarcelonaEditor(s): Keller, V., S. Herrando, P. Voříšek, et al.
2002 . The Migration Atlas: movements of the birds of Britain and Ireland. T. & A.D. Poyser, LondonEditor(s): Wernham, C.V., Toms, M.P., Marchant, J.H., Clark, J.A., Siriwardena, G.M., Baillie, S.R.
BirdLife International 2021 . Species factsheet: Strix aluco. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 10/08/2021.
Holt, D. W., R. Berkley, C. Deppe, P. L. Enríquez, J. L. Petersen, J. L. Rangel Salazar, K. P. Segars, K. L. Wood, and J. S. Marks 2020 . Tawny Owl (Strix aluco), version 1.0. In Birds of the World Link to Article (DOI: https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.tawowl1.01) Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA
Noskov, G. A., Rymkevich, T. A., Gaginskaya, A. R. 2016 . Migration of Birds on Northwest Russia. Non-Passerines. ANO LA “Professional”, Saint Petersburg
Saurola, P. Valkama, J., Velmala, W. 2013 . The Finnish Bird Ringing Atlas Vol. I. Finnish Museum of Natural History and Ministry of Environment, Helsinki

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Neil Calbrade

Carrion/Hooded Cros is widely distributed across Europe, from the Mediterranean to the Arctic circle. There are four subspecies, sometimes separated into two distinct species, despite the large intergradation in contact zones (Vijay et al. 2016). All-black Carrion Crow corone in W Europe, from England, down to Iberia and across to Germany. Grey-bodied Hooded Crow (group cornix) occurs in Scotland and Ireland, and from E Germany and Italy N and E, including Fennoscandia, Corsica and Sardinia, to European Russia.

Season of assessment

B

Population trendStable
Population size
(min-max, best estimate)		16200000-27500000,20800000
Red List categoryLC
Franks, S., Fiedler, W., Arizaga, J., Jiguet, F., Nikolov, B., van der Jeugd, Ambrosini, R, Aizpurua, O., Bairlein, F., Clark, J., Fattorini, N, Hammond, M., Higgins, D, Levering, H., Skellorn, W., Spina, F, Thorup, K. Walker, J., Woodward, I. and Baillie, S.R. (1) (2022) Online Atlas of the movements of European bird populations. https://migrationatlas.org EURING/CMS (1) Principal investigator
Map

Overall Connectivity for Carrion/Hooded Crow

Crows are resident and adults are sedentary on their breeding territory. However, some immatures disperse, especially during their first spring, and there are some long-distance movements. There are some S or SW winter movements of E and N Hooded Crows that can reach W Europe. Overall, most recoveries are within 100 km of the ringing site. There are very few long-distance recoveries, up to 2,000 km, for cornix individuals originating from N and E Europe. GPS tracking data confirm dispersal of immatures to a few 100 km from their natal site (Jiguet 2020).

Recoveries by Condition for Carrion/Hooded Crow

Most recoveries from before the 1990s are of dead birds, as Crows are considered to be a pest and are killed across most of Europe. However, the development of colour-ringing programs from the 1990s means that over 80% of distant recoveries are of live birds (and nearly 50% of the total are colour-ring resightings).

Annual Movements for Carrion/Hooded Crow

Most distant movements concern Hooded Crows from N and continental E populations, moving to C, W and SW Europe, although most stay within the cornix breeding distribution. Birds from the British Isles do not move to the continent.

Connectivity by Month by Region for Carrion/Hooded Crow

The monthly figures give little indication of a possible structured phenology of movements or migration. There is some dispersal from C to the SW from mid-Oct to end Feb. Movements from N to W and SW occur mainly in Oct and Apr, with most distant recoveries in Nov-Feb. Movements from the E start in Oct, with last returns in May.

Frédéric Jiguet

References

Statistics Map
N records N individuals N recoveries
Mapped data*
Total available data
*Mapped data include only distant (>= 50 km) recoveries
References Map
Jiguet, F.2020 . The Fox and the Crow. A need to update pest control strategies. Perspectives. Biological Conservation article no.: 108693 Link to Article (DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108693)
Vijay, N., Bossu, C., Poelstra, J. et al.2016 . Evolution of heterogeneous genome differentiation across multiple contact zones in a crow species complex. Nature Communications 7 article no.: 13195 Link to Article (DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms13195)

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Gunther Zieger

A long-distance migratory passerine breeding from W Europe (Benelux) to W Russia; overwinters in E Africa, reaching S Africa (BirdLife International 2021).

Season of assessment

B

Population trendUnknown
Population size
(min-max, best estimate)		11700000-17000000,14100000
Red List categoryLC
Franks, S., Fiedler, W., Arizaga, J., Jiguet, F., Nikolov, B., van der Jeugd, Ambrosini, R, Aizpurua, O., Bairlein, F., Clark, J., Fattorini, N, Hammond, M., Higgins, D, Levering, H., Skellorn, W., Spina, F, Thorup, K. Walker, J., Woodward, I. and Baillie, S.R. (1) (2022) Online Atlas of the movements of European bird populations. https://migrationatlas.org EURING/CMS (1) Principal investigator
Map

Overall Connectivity for Marsh Warbler

Main NW-SE axis of migration, with apparently high overlap (so weak connectivity) of European populations at winter quarters in E Africa. Few recoveries SW (Iberia, W Africa), especially coming from birds from W Europe. Though possible, some of these birds questioned to be Reed Warblers A. scirpaceus, so caution must be paid to evaluate the importance of this SW flyway. More research in this context is needed. 

Recoveries by Condition for Marsh Warbler

Most recoveries (95%) due to birds recaptured alive (ringing recovery). Extremely few recoveries (N=7) before 1960.

Annual Movements for Marsh Warbler

Breeding quarters left from Jul. Passage through Europe still patent until Sep, some recoveries still in Oct. First recoveries in winter quarters in E Africa in Nov, up to Mar. Spring passage obvious in Apr in Europe. Few birds found to overwinter in Europe, especially in W countries.

Connectivity by Month by Region for Marsh Warbler

In autumn, recoveries within E Mediterranean area/Arabia mostly in Aug-Sep, up to Oct. Birds passing through Sudan already in Aug. Recoveries from Kenya to South Africa majorly in Dec-Jan, though occurrence at winter quarters from Oct to Mar. Recent literature suggests that Kenya is a stopover area, with E European birds likely moving further S in winter (Prochaska et al 2014). Seemingly loop migration, with a higher proportion of recoveries in spring in Arabia, mostly in May. Interesting recoveries E Africa in Dec-Arabia in May, supporting this loop pattern. Passage across SE Europe detected in May. Ringing at breeding quarters mostly concentrated in Jul-Aug.

Juan Arizaga

References

Statistics Map
N records N individuals N recoveries
Mapped data*
Total available data
*Mapped data include only distant (>= 50 km) recoveries
References Map
BirdLife International2021 . Species factsheet: Acrocephalus palustris.
Procházka, P., Kralj, J., Pearson, D. J., Yohannes, E.2014 . Moulting and wintering grounds of Marsh Warblers Acrocephalus palustris: evidence from stable isotopes and ring recoveries. Acta Ornithologica 49: 193–200

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Michele Mendi

It occupies deciduous and mixed (in Europe rarely coniferous) forests with mature trees with well-developed canopy, also riverine woodland, parkland, old orchards, large gardens etc. Species’ range extends across the temperate regions of the Palearctic, from W Europe and S Scandinavia to Kamchatka, Japan and SE China, as well as NW Africa and Middle East. It is widespread in Europe, absent in most of Fennoscandia and some islands (Harrap et al. 2020, Keller et al. 2020).

Essentially resident species, irregular irruptions sometimes take place.

Its population trend in Europe is increasing. Evaluated as “Least Concern” (BirdLife International 2021).

Season of assessment

B

Population trendStable
Population size
(min-max, best estimate)		19000000-34700000,25100000
Red List categoryLC
Franks, S., Fiedler, W., Arizaga, J., Jiguet, F., Nikolov, B., van der Jeugd, Ambrosini, R, Aizpurua, O., Bairlein, F., Clark, J., Fattorini, N, Hammond, M., Higgins, D, Levering, H., Skellorn, W., Spina, F, Thorup, K. Walker, J., Woodward, I. and Baillie, S.R. (1) (2022) Online Atlas of the movements of European bird populations. https://migrationatlas.org EURING/CMS (1) Principal investigator
Map

Overall Connectivity for Eurasian Nuthatch

The species is largely sedentary. Dispersal movements take place mostly in juveniles, sometimes becoming irruptions/ invasions – usually small-scale in Europe. Siberian populations perform more frequent and large-scale irruptions, sometimes resulting in movements of numerous birds to N Europe (Harrap et al. 2020).

Distant recoveries (>=50 km) are not plentiful – ca. 88% of them less than 250km away from the ringing site. They show only local and short-distance movements – mostly within-country or movements across neighbouring countries.

Dataset shows such mostly in Germany, UK, the Low Countries and S Scandinavia. Some of the most distant recoveries include movements unlikely to represent regular migrations: from C to S Europe, within W Europe, from SW to E Europe and within E Europe.

Recoveries by Condition for Eurasian Nuthatch

Most encounters are obtained since 2000. They are generally distributed evenly throughout the year, mostly during autumn and winter. The bulk of encounters are recorded in C, NW, W & N Europe – ca. 95% combined (42, 29, 15 and 9% respectively).

The encounters based on dead birds decreased over the years (from 50% pre-1960 to just 2% after 1991), while those based on alive birds – markedly increased (from ca. 47% to 97% respectively); the latter is mostly due to ringing encounters. Surprisingly, a few recoveries in the past are obtained as a result of shooting. A variety of recovery condition categories related to human activities has been achieved as a result of the numerous urban populations close-existing to humans.

Annual Movements for Eurasian Nuthatch

The species is strictly resident. Post-breeding dispersal movements are extremely limited, usually within several kilometers; 95% of all birds found dead in UK have been encountered within 15km, mostly within 1km (Wernham et al. 2002). Initial dispersal starts very soon after fledging, while a second peak is noted for Aug-Sep, which involves birds making longer movements (Matthysen 1998).

Based on ringing data in Finland autumn irruptions start in Sep, peaking in mid-Oct, with females showing higher tendency to participate (Saurola et al. 2013). Spring movements are evident in Mar-Apr.

Connectivity by Month by Region for Eurasian Nuthatch

All populations considered resident, juveniles being more prone to disperse, mostly in N Europe. Post-breeding dispersal often takes place in couple of waves. A distinct preference to the SW direction during dispersal has been noted in juveniles in the Low Countries (Matthysen 1998), but in many cases dispersal movements have no prevailing direction. An increase in natal dispersal distances has been found in more fragmented habitats (Matthysen et al. 1995). The species avoids water crossings and recoveries like the one of a bird marked in France and subsequently found in S Sardinia should be considered exceptional (Spina, Volponi, 2008).

Long-distance movement of an adult marked in E Poland and subsequently found in Moscow region possibly represents a post-invasion withdrawal.

Ringing data from France and SE Europe extremely limited.

Boris Nikolov

References

Statistics Map
N records N individuals N recoveries
Mapped data*
Total available data
*Mapped data include only distant (>= 50 km) recoveries
References Map
2020 . European Breeding Bird Atlas 2: Distribution, Abundance and Change. European Bird Census Council & Lynx Edicions, BarcelonaEditor(s): Keller, V., S. Herrando, P. Voříšek, et al.
2002 . The Migration Atlas: movements of the birds of Britain and Ireland. T. & A.D. Poyser, LondonEditor(s): Wernham, C.V., Toms, M.P., Marchant, J.H., Clark, J.A., Siriwardena, G.M., Baillie, S.R.
BirdLife International 2021 . Species factsheet: Sitta europaea. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 31/08/2021.
Harrap, S. 2020 . Short-toed Treecreeper (Certhia brachydactyla), version 1.0. In Birds of the World Link to Article (DOI: https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.shttre1.01) Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA
Matthysen, E. 1998 . The Nuthatches. T. & A.D. Poyser, London
Matthysen, E., Adriaensen, F., Dhondt, A. 1995 . Dispersal Distances of Nuthatches, Sitta europaea, in a Highly Fragmented Forest Habitat. Oikos 72: 375–381
Saurola, P. Valkama, J., Velmala, W. 2013 . The Finnish Bird Ringing Atlas Vol. I. Finnish Museum of Natural History and Ministry of Environment, Helsinki
Spina, F., Volponi, S. 2008 . Atlante della Migrazione degli Uccelli in Italia. 2. Passeriformi. Ministero dell’Ambiente e della Tutela del Territorio e del Mare, Instituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale (ISPRA), Tipografia SCR-Roma

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Callum Macgregor

The species has complex habitat preferences,

inhabiting forest and woodland with well-grown trees with numerous bark cracks and crevices suitable for foraging, roosting and nesting. There is a clear preference towards old-growth forests with decaying trees (Harrap 2020).

Its range extends across the Palearctic region from W Europe to Japan. It is widespread in Europe, occupying both temperate and boreal zone, the distribution being more fragmented to the S (Keller et al. 2020).

Primarily resident species, showing locally some short-distance movements.

Its population trend in Europe is stable. Evaluated as “Least Concern” (BirdLife International 2021).

Season of assessment

B

Population trendIncreasing
Population size
(min-max, best estimate)		10900000-19200000,14400000
Red List categoryLC
Franks, S., Fiedler, W., Arizaga, J., Jiguet, F., Nikolov, B., van der Jeugd, Ambrosini, R, Aizpurua, O., Bairlein, F., Clark, J., Fattorini, N, Hammond, M., Higgins, D, Levering, H., Skellorn, W., Spina, F, Thorup, K. Walker, J., Woodward, I. and Baillie, S.R. (1) (2022) Online Atlas of the movements of European bird populations. https://migrationatlas.org EURING/CMS (1) Principal investigator
Map

Overall Connectivity for Eurasian Treecreeper

Most European populations largely sedentary. The comparatively small sample size of distant recoveries (>=50 km) show only local and short-distance movements (less than 500km in most cases) – data mainly from N Europe. Dataset involves mostly within-country movements and movements across neighbouring countries. The movements are more prominent in “irruption” years.

Populations from NW, W, S & C Europe primarily resident. No connectivity between those on the British Isles and the continent has been found so far based on ringing. A bird from C Europe (Germany) has been encountered during winter in S Spain.

Birds from Fennoscandia (S parts mostly) are encountered SW, S & SE from the ringing sites, wintering around the Baltic Sea, W & C Europe (even S to Slovenia), as well as European Russia.

Recoveries by Condition for Eurasian Treecreeper

Most encounters are obtained after 2000. They are generally distributed evenly throughout the year, with two prominent peaks in Sep (13%) and Oct (20%). The bulk of encounters are recorded in NW, C & N Europe – ca. 98% combined (55, 22 and 21% respectively).

There are very few recoveries prior to 1960. After 1961 most of them (93-98%) are based on alive birds, due mostly to ringing activities.

The distribution of alive ringing recoveries primarily along the coasts of Baltic and North Seas (very few placed inland) – based on a sample of only distant (>= 50km) recoveries, probably reflects the network of active ringing stations and observatories.

Annual Movements for Eurasian Treecreeper

N European (Fennoscandian) breeders take S routes reaching Baltic Sea region as early as Sep, most encounters on the wintering grounds are from Oct (including Moscow region), very few – from Nov-Mar. Encounter of a wintering bird in Slovenia is known from mid-Nov.

Post-breeding dispersal is mostly evident Sep-Nov, starting in Aug in “irruption” years (Harrap 2020). Based on data from S Finland, juveniles migrate earlier than adults (Saurola et al. 2013).

Return migration take place in Mar-Apr, as late as early May in the northernmost populations.

Although C European population is largely resident, a bird marked in W Germany has been encountered wintering in S Spain in Dec.

Connectivity by Month by Region for Eurasian Treecreeper

Birds breeding in Fennoscandia are encountered on their wintering grounds (Baltic Sea region, rarely W, C & E Europe, exceptionally as S as SC Europe) from early autumn until early spring.

Dispersal movements after breeding season take place normally early to late autumn, but could start as early as late summer in invasion years. Sometimes, juveniles take N direction to disperse, reaching Russian Lapland and White Sea (Harrap 2020). Return migration is evident early- to mid-spring (late spring to the N part of species’ range).

Except for N Europe, most European populations are resident. Danish population is considered sedentary as well (Bønløkke et al. 2006).

Boris Nikolov

References

Statistics Map
N records N individuals N recoveries
Mapped data*
Total available data
*Mapped data include only distant (>= 50 km) recoveries
References Map
2020 . European Breeding Bird Atlas 2: Distribution, Abundance and Change. European Bird Census Council & Lynx Edicions, BarcelonaEditor(s): Keller, V., S. Herrando, P. Voříšek, et al.
BirdLife International 2021 . Species factsheet: Certhia familiaris. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 29/08/2021.
Bønløkke, J., Madsen, J. J., Thorup, K., Pedersen, K. T., Bjerrum, M., Rahbek, C.2006 . Dansk Traefugleatlas. Rhodos, Humblebæk
Harrap, S. 2020 . Eurasian Treecreeper (Certhia familiaris), version 1.0. In Birds of the World Link to Article (DOI: https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.eurtre1.01) Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA
Saurola, P. Valkama, J., Velmala, W. 2013 . The Finnish Bird Ringing Atlas Vol. I. Finnish Museum of Natural History and Ministry of Environment, Helsinki

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Callum Macgregor

Small finch breeding from W Europe to C Siberia; wintering around the Mediterranean and into N Europe and across to the Himalayas. Populations from W, S and C Europe vary from resident to partial migrant (BirdLife International 2022).

Season of assessment

B

Population trendIncreasing
Population size
(min-max, best estimate)		35800000-64400000,46100000
Red List categoryLC
Franks, S., Fiedler, W., Arizaga, J., Jiguet, F., Nikolov, B., van der Jeugd, Ambrosini, R, Aizpurua, O., Bairlein, F., Clark, J., Fattorini, N, Hammond, M., Higgins, D, Levering, H., Skellorn, W., Spina, F, Thorup, K. Walker, J., Woodward, I. and Baillie, S.R. (1) (2022) Online Atlas of the movements of European bird populations. https://migrationatlas.org EURING/CMS (1) Principal investigator
Map

Overall Connectivity for Common Linnet

Populations from S Europe tend to be resident; migratory behavior increases with latitude. All migratory European populations/individuals show a clear NE-SW axis of movement with obvious parallel migration and therefore strong connectivity with winter distribution mirroring breeding distribution. Birds from NW and W Europe to W Scandinavia move SW to Iberia, with some reaching NW Africa. Birds from E Fennoscandia to C and E Europe overwinter from E Iberia/S France to Italy. 

Recoveries by Condition for Common Linnet

The vast majority of recoveries (almost 90%) are of birds found alive, mostly recaptures by ringers (~80%). Before 1991, however, around 40% of recoveries were of birds found dead, sick, wounded or shot. This pattern clearly changed in more-recent years when these fates accounted for less than 5% of recoveries, with ~98% being of birds seen alive, mostly recaptures from ringing.

Annual Movements for Common Linnet

Migration in autumn starts in Sep in N latitudes, clearly occuring in Oct across much of Europe. Birds stay in their wintering sites mostly Nov-Mar/Apr with return passage, across much of Europe, peaking in Apr. Arrival in the most N breeding quarters may be as late as May.

Connectivity by Month by Region for Common Linnet

Breeders from W Scandinavia migrate through C Europe mostly in Oct (autumn) or Apr (spring) and are mainly at their wintering sites Nov-Feb. The relatively longer-distance migrants from NW and W Europe are mainly on passage through the W Pyrenees in Oct, and then overwinter in Iberia. In  S England and France most movements are short-range. The concentration of encounters in Belgium is mainly due to birds on passage from Scandinavia, en route to SW Europe. Breeders from C Europe are found from E Iberia to Italy in Nov-Feb; those from E Europe are encountered from southern France to the Black sea area.

Juan Arizaga

References

Statistics Map
N records N individuals N recoveries
Mapped data*
Total available data
*Mapped data include only distant (>= 50 km) recoveries

Anne Cotton

Medium-sized thrush, feeds on a wide variety of invertebrates, in autumn and winter also berries. Nominate iliacus breeds from North Europe to central Asia; winters to North Africa and Near East, ssp. coburni breeds in Iceland and Faeroes and winters in NW Europe and Iberia. Likes cover of birch or mixed woodland, often with many pines and spruces, especially along rivers and on floodlands, but also in low thickets of scrub birch, dwarf willow, and juniper, preferably on swampy ground. The european population is decreasing and the status is Near Threatened. Migratory or partially migratory.

Season of assessment

B

Population trendDecreasing
Population size
(min-max, best estimate)		16200000-28100000,21300000
Red List categoryLC
Franks, S., Fiedler, W., Arizaga, J., Jiguet, F., Nikolov, B., van der Jeugd, Ambrosini, R, Aizpurua, O., Bairlein, F., Clark, J., Fattorini, N, Hammond, M., Higgins, D, Levering, H., Skellorn, W., Spina, F, Thorup, K. Walker, J., Woodward, I. and Baillie, S.R. (1) (2022) Online Atlas of the movements of European bird populations. https://migrationatlas.org EURING/CMS (1) Principal investigator
Map

Overall Connectivity for Redwing

Fennoscandian birds move mainly NE - SW, there are many encounters in NW Europe, Iberia, Italy and a few in N Africa. A minority moves more westerly to the British Isles or more easterly to SE Europe, Georgia and Near East. Birds from NE Europe move mainly NE – SW to N Italy, S France and Iberia, but also to W Europe and UK. From Iceland birds move NW - SE to Ireland, UK, W Europe and Iberia. From the UK movements are predominantly N – S to SW France. A minority moves more westerly to Iberia or more easterly to W and C Europe, Italy, Greece, Georgia and Near East. Birds ringed in W Europe move mainly in NE - SW direction to S France and Iberia. There are also movements in NW - SE directions to Italy and more easterly to Greece, Georgia, Turkey and Lebanon.

Recoveries by Condition for Redwing

From 1962 annual number of encounters fluctuated around 600, with a maximum of 1069 in 1979 and a minimum of 298 in 1992. Most encounters are from 8 October to 7 November. Furthermore, a small peak in the first two decades of January and from 20 May to 20 June.
Until 1990 about 75% of recoveries were dead birds, including about 42% shot birds. After 1990 about 35% concerned dead birds, including 24% shot birds. The hunting is highly concentrated in Portugal, Italy, S France and Spain. Also in Greece, Georgia, Cyprus and Lebanon many birds are shot.

Annual Movements for Redwing

Few birds leave Fennoscandian already in Aug - Sep. In Oct most birds are moving SW, a few birds left in N Fennoscandia, concentrations arise in the Low Countries, E UK, SW France and N Italy. In Nov birds move more to S Europe. In Dec - Feb many birds in Italy and Portugal, also more birds in SE Europe, a few in N Africa. In March few birds in N Africa, S and W Europe and UK, only in SW France many encounters. In Apr most birds are back in Fennoscandia. Birds leave E Europe in Oct, most birds found in the Baltic States, Belgium and S Europe. From Nov - Feb most birds moved to S Europe and Portugal. In Mar few birds in S France and from Apr - Sep birds back in E Europe. Birds leave Iceland Oct - Nov. From Nov - Mar wintering in British Isles and Portugal. In Apr most are back in Iceland.

Connectivity by Month by Region for Redwing

Birds from Fennoscandia are found in the UK from Oct - Apr and in Ireland in Jan. Most recoveries from Oct - Mar come from SW and S France and also many from W Europe, SW Iberia and Italy. Also some encounters from Dec - Mar in N Africa, Greece, Cyprus, Georgia and Near East (one in Iran). Eastern European birds have also most recoveries in SW and S France from Dec - Feb. They are also found in Italy, W Europe, Iberia and the UK from Oct - Mar. One bird was reported in Nov in Algeria and one in Feb in Greece. From Oct - Feb many birds ringed in W Iceland are recovered in W Iberia, SW France and Ireland, a minority is recovered more northerly in W Europe and the UK. Birds ringed in E Iceland mostly are reported from the British Isles from Oct - Apr and a minority from W Europe.

Henk van der Jeugd

References

Statistics Map
N records N individuals N recoveries
Mapped data*
Total available data
*Mapped data include only distant (>= 50 km) recoveries

Christian Hoefs

There are several sub-species of Twite - in mainland Europe ssp. flavirostris and ssp. pipilans in Britain & Ireland. The endemic subspecies pipilans is Red-listed (Eaton et al. 2015). In Europe, most populations are migratory.

Season of assessment

B

Population trendUnknown
Population size
(min-max, best estimate)		159000-548000,285000
Red List categoryLC
Franks, S., Fiedler, W., Arizaga, J., Jiguet, F., Nikolov, B., van der Jeugd, Ambrosini, R, Aizpurua, O., Bairlein, F., Clark, J., Fattorini, N, Hammond, M., Higgins, D, Levering, H., Skellorn, W., Spina, F, Thorup, K. Walker, J., Woodward, I. and Baillie, S.R. (1) (2022) Online Atlas of the movements of European bird populations. https://migrationatlas.org EURING/CMS (1) Principal investigator
Map

Overall Connectivity for Twite

There are data from NW, W, C and N European regions. Recent analyses of recovery data show high connectivity between breeding and non-breeding areas for pipilans, the British & Irish subspecies (Dunning et al. 2020), which is a short-distance migrant. Mainland populations of flavirostris, roughly follow a N-S or NW-SE axis of migration.

Recoveries by Condition for Twite

Overall, most recoveries are of recaptured birds  (91%). This percentage is similar between periods: changing from 86% before 1961 to 97% from 1991 to present. There is a very high concentration of recoveries in Belgium, most in Oct-Nov, but also in Mar, as a result of intensive ringing campaigns using sound-lures designed to capture actively migrating finches.

Annual Movements for Twite

Movements S to lowlands of coasts and estuaries, principally around S Baltic and N Sea, start from late Aug-late Sep; migration peaks in Oct-Nov. Twite are present in C Europe from Oct, remaining to Mar-Apr. Birds return to the breeding quarters as soon as weather conditions improve, which can be as early as Jan, up to Apr. N Scandinavian populations reach their breeding sites by Apr-May.

Connectivity by Month by Region for Twite

Birds from the British Isles mainly overwinter there (Raine et al. 2006), but some cross the English Channel and are the mainly found in Belgium in Oct-Nov, but many of these of birds are probably still on passage and may go as far as N Italy (one encounter). Scandinavian birds (mainly from W Norway) move N-S, with most recoveries in winter (Oct-Mar, concentrated in Nov-Feb) in S Scandinavia to northern half of C/E Europe.

Olatz Aizpurua & Juan Arizaga

References

Statistics Map
N records N individuals N recoveries
Mapped data*
Total available data
*Mapped data include only distant (>= 50 km) recoveries
References Map
Dunning, J.; Finch, T.; Davison, A.; Durrant, K.L.2020 . Population-specific migratory strategies of Twite Linaria flavirostris in Western Europe. Ibis 162: 273–278
Eaton, M., Aebischer, N., Brown, A., Hearn, R., Lock, L., Musgrove, A., Noble, D., Stroud, D., & Gregory, R.2015 . Birds of ConservationConcern 4: the populationstatus of birds in the UK,Channel Islands and Isle of Man. British Birds 108: 708–746
Raine, A. F., Sowter, D. J., Brown, A. F., Sutherland, W. J.Migration patterns of two populations of Twite Carduelis flavirostris in Britain. Rringing & Migration 23: 45–52

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Michele Mendi

Small raptor, feeds almost entirely on birds. Nominate nisus: Europe to Asia Minor and Siberia; granti: Madeira and Canary Islands; punicus: Morocco to Tunisia; wolterstorffi: Corsica and Sardinia. Prefers well-grown, undisturbed, more or less extensive stands of coniferous, mixed, or less often purely deciduous trees. Population size is extremely large and stable, hence the status is Least Concern. Migratory, partially migratory, and dispersive; extent of regular seasonal movement increases progressively to north and north-east. Almost total autumn withdrawal from northernmost areas.

Season of assessment

B

Population trendStable
Population size
(min-max, best estimate)		728000-1150000,915000
Red List categoryLC
Franks, S., Fiedler, W., Arizaga, J., Jiguet, F., Nikolov, B., van der Jeugd, Ambrosini, R, Aizpurua, O., Bairlein, F., Clark, J., Fattorini, N, Hammond, M., Higgins, D, Levering, H., Skellorn, W., Spina, F, Thorup, K. Walker, J., Woodward, I. and Baillie, S.R. (1) (2022) Online Atlas of the movements of European bird populations. https://migrationatlas.org EURING/CMS (1) Principal investigator
Map

Overall Connectivity for Eurasian Sparrowhawk

Fennoscandian and Danish birds move mainly NE - SW: most found in the Low Countries; France and C Europe; fewer in Spain, N Italy and the UK; also N - S movement, found in C and E Europe, the Balkan, Greece and Turkey. Finnish birds advanced their migration due to global warming (Lehikoinen 2011). UK birds move mainly NNW - SSE inside the UK; few recoveries in Denmark, Low Countries and W France. Birds from Low Countries move mainly NE - SW: most found in France but also Spain and few in Morocco. Also E - W movement with recoveries in the UK. Birds from C and E Europe move mainly NE - SW, most found in the Low Countries and Switzerland, also many in France, Spain and few in the Balkan, Italy, Portugal and the UK. From E Europe most found in C Europe, few in Greece and Turkey and one in Tunisia.

Recoveries by Condition for Eurasian Sparrowhawk

Until 1960 80% of the recoveries were dead birds, including 39% shot birds. From 1961 to 1990 64% concerned dead birds, including 5,2% shot birds. From 1991 58% concerned dead birds, less than 1% was shot.
The hunting hotspots were in Belgium, N France and E Netherlands. Also many shot birds in W and S France, Spain, N Italy, Czechia, NW Germany and Denmark. Less hunting on the British Isles, S Fennoscandia, the Balkan, Greece and Turkey.

Annual Movements for Eurasian Sparrowhawk

Year around there are hotspots in the S and C UK, Denmark and the Low Countries. From Nov - Jan there are also hotspots in Switzerland and NW Germany; also many in France, SW and C Europe; fewer in Ireland, N UK, S Fennoscandia, the Balkan, Greece, Near East and NW Africa. In Feb - Mar numbers in S Europe decrease, no reports from NW Africa and Near East. In Apr- May numbers in S Fennoscandia increase, numbers in C Europe decrease; few birds in Spain, France and N Italy and no birds in the Balkan. In Sep - Oct numbers in S, C and E Europe and the Balkan increase again, numbers in Norway and Sweden decrease. In Nov hotspots in Switzerland and NW Germany are growing, numbers in Finland decrease.

Connectivity by Month by Region for Eurasian Sparrowhawk

Fennoscandian and Danish breeders are most found in the Low Countries (Aug - Mar); also many in France and C Europe (Aug - Mar); fewer in the UK (Sep - Mar), Spain (Nov - Apr), Italy (Oct - Mar), the Balkan, Greece and Turkey (Sep - Mar). UK breeders are found in Denmark (Oct - Feb), the Low Countries (Oct - Nov), France (Oct - Jan) and Ireland (Dec - Jan). Breeders of the Low Countries are most found in France (Sep - Mar), Spain (Sep - Apr) and few in Germany (Oct - Feb), Denmark (Oct), S Sweden (Sep - Oct) and Morocco (Jan). Breeders of C and E Europe are most found in W and SW Europe (Sep - May), less in Italy (Oct - Mar), the Balkan (Oct - Jan) and NW Africa (Dec - Jan). From E Europe also recoveries in Greece (Feb) and Israël (Jan).

Henk van der Jeugd

References

Statistics Map
N records N individuals N recoveries
Mapped data*
Total available data
*Mapped data include only distant (>= 50 km) recoveries
References Map
Lehikoinen, A.2011 . Advanced Autumn Migration of Sparrowhawk Has Increased the Predation Risk of Long-Distance Migrants in Finland. PLOS One 6 article no.: e20001 Link to Article (DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0020001)

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