Michele Mendi

Finch with two main breeding nuclei in Eurasia: one in Europe, up to Central Siberia; another one in E Asia (BirdLife International 2022). Populations vary from resident to migratory (this last behavior increases with latitude). Sometimes irruptive (e.g. Asensio 1985).

Season of assessment

B

Population trendStable
Population size
(min-max, best estimate)		13700000-25800000,19000000
Red List categoryLC
Franks, S., Fiedler, W., Arizaga, J., Jiguet, F., Nikolov, B., van der Jeugd, Ambrosini, R, Aizpurua, O., Bairlein, F., Clark, J., Fattorini, N, Hammond, M., Higgins, D, Levering, H., Skellorn, W., Spina, F, Thorup, K. Walker, J., Woodward, I. and Baillie, S.R. (1) (2022) Online Atlas of the movements of European bird populations. https://migrationatlas.org EURING/CMS (1) Principal investigator
Map

Overall Connectivity for Eurasian Siskin

Populations from W Europe mostly resident; longer distances of migration found for birds from N, C and E Europe. Main NE-SW axis of migration, with relatively high overlap between regions of origin in winter, though to some extent leapfrog migration (siskins breeding further N and E winter in further S regions). Birds from NW Europe (UK) move mainly within the island. Birds from N Europe move SW to reach a broad wintering range from NW Europe to Iberia up to (more rarely) SE Europe. Some recoveries in N Africa. Birds breeding in further E regions (E Baltic, E Europe) follow an E-ward biased flyway, reaching from C Europe to E Spain and Italy. Birds from SE Europe show a broad range of migratory directions, even moving SE, up to the Middle East and Caucasus region.  

Recoveries by Condition for Eurasian Siskin

Highest majority of recoveries (ca. 90%) due to birds found alive, mostly recaptures (ring recoveries). Before 1990, however, around 30% of recoveries were caused by birds found dead, sick or wounded (ca. 15%) or shot (ca. 15%), a pattern that clearly changed from 1991 to present, when this fraction is just less than 5%. Nowadays, more than 95% of recoveries come from birds seen alive, mostly recaptures from ringing.

Annual Movements for Eurasian Siskin

Migration in autumn starts in Sep in N latitudes, very patent in Oct across much of Europe. Bird stay in their wintering sites in S Europe mostly from Nov to Mar/Apr. Migratory populations/individuals live in sympatry with resident ones in winter, especially in W/C Europe. Return back to breeding quarters starts in Mar, peaking in Apr. At their wintering sites, some birds show resident strategies (so they remain stationary across the season), whilst others behave as vagrants (Senar et al. 1994).

Connectivity by Month by Region for Eurasian Siskin

Birds from Britain/Ireland move S to overwinter mostly around English Channel, with scattered recoveries up to NW Africa. Siskins from W Scandinavia show recoveries mostly from UK to Iberia, mainly from Oct to Mar. Passage over C Europe mainly in Oct. Siskins from E Scandinavia/E Europe show parallel flyway, wintering from E Iberia to SE Europe. Patent passage through Alps in Oct. Recoveries in SE Europe show a main NW-SE axis of migration, of birds breeding across a broad range from NW to NE Europe; recoveries in SE Europe mostly from Nov to Feb.

Juan Arizaga

References

Statistics Map
N records N individuals N recoveries
Mapped data*
Total available data
*Mapped data include only distant (>= 50 km) recoveries
References Map
Asensio, B.1985 . Migración e invernada en España de Lúganos (Carduelis spinus, L.) de origen europeo. Ardeola 32: 179–186
BirdLife International 2022 . Species factsheet: Carduelis spinus.
Senar, J. C., Lleonart, J., Metcalfe, N. B.1994 . Wing-shape variation between resident and transient wintering Siskins Carduelis spinus. Journal of Avian Biology 25: 50–54

Back to Analysis

Callum Macgregor

A small passerine, which feeds chiefly on insects and spiders, but also fruits and seeds outside the breeding season. Nominate caeruleus: continental Europe to N Spain, N Turkey and N Urals; obscurus: British Isles; balearicus: Balearic Islands; satunini: Crimean peninsula, Caucasus, Transcaucasia to E Turkey; orientalis: S European Russia; ogliastrae: Iberian peninsula, Corsica and Sardinia; calamensis: S Greece, Crete and Rhodes; raddei: N Iran; persicus: SW Iran. Found in any habitat with trees, but prefers open (oak) stands. Largely resident, with irregular irruptive movements to W and S.

Season of assessment

B

Population trendIncreasing
Population size
(min-max, best estimate)		59700000-95100000,73400000
Red List categoryLC
Franks, S., Fiedler, W., Arizaga, J., Jiguet, F., Nikolov, B., van der Jeugd, Ambrosini, R, Aizpurua, O., Bairlein, F., Clark, J., Fattorini, N, Hammond, M., Higgins, D, Levering, H., Skellorn, W., Spina, F, Thorup, K. Walker, J., Woodward, I. and Baillie, S.R. (1) (2022) Online Atlas of the movements of European bird populations. https://migrationatlas.org EURING/CMS (1) Principal investigator
Map

Overall Connectivity for Eurasian Blue Tit

Fennoscandinian birds mainly move N-S, but also E-W; most recoveries are within-countriy with huge hotspots at S migration points, increasing recently (Nilsson et al 2010). Finnish birds are found in the Baltic, Sweden, Norway (E Russia and Shetlands); Scandinavian birds - Denmark, Germany and Low Countries. UK birds move mainly N-S within the UK (a few to Ireland and W Europe). Birds from the Low Countries mainly move NNE-SSW, in Belgium also E-W, mostly within country, but also to France, Spain and Germany (UK). Birds in C Europe birds move NE-SW, mainly short distance, but many recoveries in the Low Countries and (S) France (Spain, Italy and the Balkans). E Europe birds move NE-SW; most are found in the Low Countries, also Denmark, C Europe, France (Spain and the Balkans).

Recoveries by Condition for Eurasian Blue Tit

Until 1960 67% of the recoveries were of dead birds but <2% were shot and <1% intentionally taken. From 1961 to 1990 21% of recoveries were of dead birds,almost all found dead with no explanation. Since 1991 almost all recoveries (~97%) have been recaptures by ringers. Most birds were shot in N Italy and S France, but also some in NW Europe and Spain and a few in Austria, S Scandinavia and the UK.

Annual Movements for Eurasian Blue Tit

In most parts of Europe, there are similar numbers of encounters year-round, hotspots are the UK, the Low Countries, C Europe, N Italy, S Norway and S Finland; also many in Spain and S Sweden, fewer in France. In Oct, numbers in France and SE Europe increase, decreasing in Apr. In some years, irruptive movements occur in Oct-Nov from E Europe or Fennoscandia to W and C Europe in relation to availability of beech mast (Nilsson et al 2010; Lukács et al 2015), but migration distance has decreased (Smallegange et al 2010).

Connectivity by Month by Region for Eurasian Blue Tit

Most Fennoscandian birds are found witihn country, many N of the breeding site. Norwegian/Swedish birds are found in Denmark (Oct-Mar), Swedish birds also in Germany and Lithuania (Oct-Nov) and Belgium (Oct); Finnish birds in Russia (Jan), Sweden and the Baltic States (Oct-Mar). UK birds mainly found in UK, S of breeding site; also in Ireland, Belgium (May, Apr, Oct), Germany (May) and France (Dec, Jan, Apr). In the Low Countries most move within country, SW of breeding site; also to France (most Nov-Jan, Mar, Apr), Spain (Oct-Feb), Germany (Mar-Apr), Norway (Sep) and UK (Oct-Mar). C and E European birds are found outside the breeding season in the Low Countries, France, Spain, UK, N Italy, Denmark and the Balkans.

Henk van der Jeugd

References

Statistics Map
N records N individuals N recoveries
Mapped data*
Total available data
*Mapped data include only distant (>= 50 km) recoveries
References Map
LUKÁCS, Z., Farkas, R., FRÜHWIRTH, A., GYURÁCZ, J.2015 . Autumn migration of blue tits (Parus caeruleus) at two Hungarian study sites. ORTH-WESTERN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY 11: 225–233
NILSSON, A.L.K., LINDSTRÖM, Å., JONZÉN, N., NILSSON, S.G. and KARLSSON, L.2006 . The effect of climate change on partial migration – the blue tit paradox. Global Change Biology 12 Link to Article (DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01237.x) : 2014–2020
Smallegange, I.M., Fiedler, W., Köppen, U., Geiter, O., Bairlein, F.2010 . Tits on the move: exploring the impact of environmental change on blue tit and great tit migration distance. Journal of Animal Ecology 79 Link to Article (DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2009.01643.x) : 350–357

Back to Analysis

Callum Macgregor

The A. c. crecca subspecies shows a large breeding range across the N Palaearctic (BirdLife International 2021). Scattered breeding in Europe (Keller et al. 2020); populations vary from resident to migratory. Wintering quarters on European birds are found within the Palaearctic region (BirdLife International 2021).

Season of assessment

W

Population trendIncreasing
Population size
(min-max, best estimate)		1040000-1640000,1240000
Red List categoryLC
Franks, S., Fiedler, W., Arizaga, J., Jiguet, F., Nikolov, B., van der Jeugd, Ambrosini, R, Aizpurua, O., Bairlein, F., Clark, J., Fattorini, N, Hammond, M., Higgins, D, Levering, H., Skellorn, W., Spina, F, Thorup, K. Walker, J., Woodward, I. and Baillie, S.R. (1) (2022) Online Atlas of the movements of European bird populations. https://migrationatlas.org EURING/CMS (1) Principal investigator
Map

Overall Connectivity for Eurasian Teal

W/NW/SW Europe (i.e., the Atlantic façade of Europe incl. British Islands) is a main wintering area for birds from most Europe, suggesting they all are a same population (Guillemain et al. 2009, Lebarbenchon et al. 2009). Stable isotopes show that most teals that overwinter in France come from Russia (Guillemain et al. 2014), an aspect underrepresented by ring-recovery data. Teals breeding in W/NW/SW vary from resident to those doing local to short-range migrations. Icelandic birds overwinter in British Islands. More E populations tend to a S/SE axis of migration, thus overwintering in SC to SE Europe. Thus, whilst N Scandinavian birds move SW, E/SE Scandinavian birds move S/SE, but there are birds of a same breeding site that can use either a SW or S/SE flyway. SC Europe hosts wintering birds from both NW and NE origin, thus giving rise to overlapping of populations. Exceptional number of teals found to cross the Sahara with recoveries as far as Kenya. Tracking data largely confirm such main flyways, incl. overwintering in E Africa from a Baltic population. Also some recoveries in Canada.

Recoveries by Condition for Eurasian Teal

Overall, half of this species recoveries (>50%) are due to shot, because this species is hunted across much of Europe. Before 1960, recoveries from shooting were 44%, increasing up to 57% in 1961–1990, then decreasing up to 36% from 1991 to present. In this last period, it is remarkable that a high proportion of recoveries (58%) was due to birds captured alive, due to the efforts in ringing stations. The proportion of recoveries identified by other means like nasal saddles still represent a small proportion (<1%). Nasal saddles, however, revealed to be very useful to address population dynamics studies at certain sites (Caizergues et al. 2011).

Annual Movements for Eurasian Teal

Post-breeding migration starts as early as Jul. Birds remain at their wintering areas from Aug/Sep to Jan/Mar (Guillemain et al. 2006). Breeding grounds reached up to May. These estimates confirmed by by tracking data from birds from Italy (Giunchi et al. 2019). Tracking data also show that teals have slow speeds of migration (ca. 36 km/day) caused by long stopovers (Giunchi et al. 2019).

Connectivity by Month by Region for Eurasian Teal

Temporal pattern similar between regions, i.e. independent of distance of migration. Post-breeding movement starts as early as Jun/Jul. Wintering areas reached since Aug/Sep. Return to breeding areas peak in Mar; by May most birds found at their breeding sites. Two juvenile recoveries in tropical Africa in Mar and two adults in E Asia in Oct and Nov.

Olatz Aizpurua & Juan Arizaga

References

Statistics Map
N records N individuals N recoveries
Mapped data*
Total available data
*Mapped data include only distant (>= 50 km) recoveries
References Map
2020 . European Breeding Bird Atlas 2: Distribution, Abundance and Change. European Bird Census Council & Lynx Edicions, BarcelonaEditor(s): Keller, V., S. Herrando, P. Voříšek, et al.
BirdLife International2021 . Species factsheet: Anas crecca.
Caizergues, A., Guillemain, M., Arzel, C., Devineau, O., Leray, G., Pilvin, D., Lepley, M., Massez, G., Schricke, V.2011 . Emigration rates and population turnover of teal Anas crecca in two major wetlands of western Europe. Wildlife Biology 17: 373–382
Giunchi, D., Baldaccini, N. E., Lenzoni, A., Luschi, P., Sorrenti, M., Cerritelli, G., Vanni, L.2019 . Spring migratory routes and stopover duration of satellite-tracked Eurasian Teals Anas crecca wintering in Italy. Ibis 161: 117–130
Guillemain, M., Arzel, C., Mondain-Monval, J.-Y., Schricke, V., Johnson, A. R., Simon, G.2006 . Spring migration dates of teal Anas crecca ringed in the Camargue, southern France. Wildlife Biology. Wildlife Biology 12: 163–169
Guillemain, M., Hearn, R., King, R., Gauthier-Clerc, M., Simon, G., Caizergues, A.2009 . Comparing the migration of Eurasian Teal Anas crecca from two main wintering areas of Western Europe: a long-term study from Essex, England, and the Camargue, France. Ringin and Migration 24: 273–276
Guillemain, M., Van Wilgenburg, S. L., Legagneux, P., Hobson, K. A.2014 . Assessing geographic origins of Teal (Anas crecca) through stable-hydrogen (δ 2H) isotope analyses of feathers and ring-recoveries. Journal of Ornithology 155: 165–172
Lebarbenchon, C., Albespy, F., Brochet, A.-L., Grandhomme, V., Renaud, F., Fritz, H., Green, A. J., Thomas, F., van der Werf, S., Aubry, P., Guillemain, M., Gauthier-Clerc, M.2009 . Spread of Avian Influenza Viruses by Common Teal (Anas crecca) in Europe. Plos One 4 4

Back to Analysis

Rob Robinson

Medium-sized passerine, feeds on plant and animal material, proportions varying with both season and availability. Nominate montanus: Europe to N Africa, N Mongolia, Manchuria; transcaucasicus: Black Sea coast of Georgia to N Iran; dilutus: Transcaspia to W Pakistan, Gobi Desert and W China. Normally a lowland or low upland bird. Prefers trees with nest-holes along watercourses or roadsides or in parks, woodlands and suburbs. Population is decreasing but large enough to assign the status Least Concern. Mainly sedentary, few with short-distance N - S migration.

Season of assessment

B

Population trendDecreasing
Population size
(min-max, best estimate)		53700000-76000000,63300000
Red List categoryLC
Franks, S., Fiedler, W., Arizaga, J., Jiguet, F., Nikolov, B., van der Jeugd, Ambrosini, R, Aizpurua, O., Bairlein, F., Clark, J., Fattorini, N, Hammond, M., Higgins, D, Levering, H., Skellorn, W., Spina, F, Thorup, K. Walker, J., Woodward, I. and Baillie, S.R. (1) (2022) Online Atlas of the movements of European bird populations. https://migrationatlas.org EURING/CMS (1) Principal investigator
Map

Overall Connectivity for Eurasian Tree Sparrow

Fennoscandian and Danish birds move only short-distance in any direction, mostly inside the country except some recoveries in Denmark and the Low Countries of birds from S Fennoscandia; also few Danish birds found in S Sweden, Germany and Belgium. UK birds move mainly NNW - SSE inside the country, but also other directions; a few NW - SE movements with recoveries in the Low Countries, France and one in W Germany. Birds from the Low Countries move in any direction, most inside the country but also many recoveries in Germany, Belgium and N France; also from SE UK, Italy, S France, S Portugal and S Spain. Birds from C and E Europe move both NE - SW and NW - SE, most inside the region; from C Europe few recoveries in the Low Countries and France. From E Europe there is just one recovery in Italy.

Recoveries by Condition for Eurasian Tree Sparrow

Until 1960 46% of the recoveries were dead birds, including 13% shot birds. From 1961 to 1990 32% concerned dead birds, including 4,1% shot birds. From 1991 almost all recoveries were alive birds. Most birds were shot in the Low Countries and N Italy; also in N France, Denmark and C Europe birds were shot and few in the UK, Spain and SE Europe.

Annual Movements for Eurasian Tree Sparrow

Hardly any dynamics of occurrence in time or space visible. The UK and the Low Countries are hotspots during the whole year. Also stable numbers during the year in N Italy, C Europe, S Fennoscandia and on a lower level in Spain, S Italy, the Balkan and E Europe. In N France numbers increase in Oct and decrease in Mar - Apr.

Connectivity by Month by Region for Eurasian Tree Sparrow

Few birds from S Norway are reported in Denmark (Nov - Dec). From Denmark birds are reported in S Sweden (Oct - Nov), Germany (Nov) and in Belgium (Oct). Also a Finnish bird is reported in Belgium (Oct). Few UK birds are found in France (Jan), Belgium (Jan - Feb) and Germany (Nov). Birds of the Low Countries are most found in N and C France (Oct - Apr); also S France (Oct - Jan), S Spain (Nov - Mar), the UK (Oct - Jan), C Europe (Oct - Jan) and Italy (Nov - Jan). Birds of C Europe are most found in Belgium (Aug - Dec); also the Netherlands (Oct - Mar) and France (Jan and Mar). A bird from E Europe was reported in Italy in Oct. A bird ringed in N Spain was found dead in Morocco in Mar.

Henk van der Jeugd

References

Statistics Map
N records N individuals N recoveries
Mapped data*
Total available data
*Mapped data include only distant (>= 50 km) recoveries

Callum Macgregor

Very common, intermediate-sized songbird. Breeding range includes all of Europe north to c. 62°. Has increased significantly over most of range. Breeds in wide range of deciduous forests and woodland, parks and gardens. Insectivorous, but diet consists mainly of berries and fruits during the non-breeding season. Intermediate to long-distance migrant, partial migrant or resident in southernmost part of range. Shown to be able to rapidly adapt migratory habits, e.g. wintering population in the British Isles recently established (Plummer et al. 2015).

Season of assessment

B

Population trendIncreasing
Population size
(min-max, best estimate)		88400000-138000000,108000000
Red List categoryLC
Franks, S., Fiedler, W., Arizaga, J., Jiguet, F., Nikolov, B., van der Jeugd, Ambrosini, R, Aizpurua, O., Bairlein, F., Clark, J., Fattorini, N, Hammond, M., Higgins, D, Levering, H., Skellorn, W., Spina, F, Thorup, K. Walker, J., Woodward, I. and Baillie, S.R. (1) (2022) Online Atlas of the movements of European bird populations. https://migrationatlas.org EURING/CMS (1) Principal investigator
Map

Overall Connectivity for Eurasian Blackcap

Clear migratory divide running N-S at 14° in C Europe separates southwesterly and southeasterly migrating populations. C European birds breeding close to the divide follow both routes, with a few moving due S to Italy. Most SW migrants winter Iberia and NW Africa, with a few reaching W and C Africa south of theS ahara. Scandinavian breeders mainly migrate SE, but southern Norwegian birds move SW. SE migrating birds pass through the Middle East and winter from E Mediterranean, Sudan region south to E Africa, although there are no E African recoveries to support this. C and W European birds move to the North Sea coast before migrating SW. There is some reverse autumn migration to Norway, N Atlantic islands and Iceland. Tracking studies reveal UK winterers connect to breeding sites scattered across Europe (Delmore et al. 2020).

Recoveries by Condition for Eurasian Blackcap

Numbers encountered increase exponentially from tens in 1950 to around 25,000 annually at present. There is a peak in late August/early September. The vast majority of encounters are recaptures. Shot birds are virtually absent after 1991, but were over 30% prior to 1960.

Annual Movements for Eurasian Blackcap

SW birds start moving N in Mar, with mass arrival in W Europe and the British Isles in the first 10 days of April. Passage of SE birds in the Middle East from the end of Mar through to the end of May, with a late peak around mid-May suggests E African origin. Arrival in E Europe and Fennoscandia is mainly in May. On autumn migration, SW birds pass through France and Spain in Aug and Sep and arrive in NW Africa from the end of Sep. Stragglers reach the N Atlantic islands in Sep and Iceland in Oct–Nov. There are many winter recoveries of European breeders in the British Isles with a few also found on the coast of the Netherlands. Autumn passage in the Middle East occurs in Aug–Oct.

Connectivity by Month by Region for Eurasian Blackcap

Birds along the migratory divide in Apr mostly connect to wintering sites in SW, but in May-June there are connections to both SW and SE, illustrating differential timing of migration of SW and SE birds. Birds in the British Isles in winter mainly connect to sites within the British Isles in winter, and to W and C Europe in Sep-Oct, but connections to central Europe in Apr-May are very scarce. British Isles and W European breeders in Apr–Jun strongly connect to southern Spain, Morocco and Algerian coasts in Oct–Mar. Birds on passage in Sep–Oct show a similar pattern but are also linked to W and Cl European breeding sites in Apr–May. Birds wintering in Greece, Cyprus and the Middle East and birds passing through the Middle East Mar–Apr strongly connect to breeding and passage sites in E Europe and southern Fennoscandia in May–Sep.

Henk van der Jeugd

References

Statistics Map
N records N individuals N recoveries
Mapped data*
Total available data
*Mapped data include only distant (>= 50 km) recoveries
References Map
Delmore, K.E., van Doren, B.M., Conway, G.J., Curk, T., Garrido-Garduño, T., Germain, R.R., Hasselmann, T., Hiemer, D., van der Jeugd, H.P., Justen, H., Lugo Ramos, J.S., Maggini, I., Meyer, B.S., Phillips, R.J., Remisiewicz, M., Roberts, G.C.M., et al.2020 . Individual variability and versatility in an eco-evolutionary model of avian migration. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 287 article no.: 20201339 Link to Article (DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.1339)
Plummer, K.E., Siriwardena, G.N., Conway,G.J., Risely, K., Toms, M.P.2015 . Is supplementary feeding in gardens a driver of evolutionary change in a migratory bird species?. Global Change Biology 21 Link to Article (DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13070) : 4353–4363

Back to Analysis

Michele Mendi

A boreal and arctic sea duck with a circumpolar breeding distribution, though absent from Central N Siberia. Three subspecies are present in Europe, ssp. faeroensis breeds on Faeroe and islands off NW Scotland; ssp. borealis breeds in Iceland; ssp. mollissima is the commonest, breeding from W Siberia to the Atlantic coast of W Europe, wintering down Atlantic coasts to the N Mediterranean and rarely inland.

Season of assessment

B

Population trendDecreasing
Population size
(min-max, best estimate)		1220000-1630000,1410000
Red List categoryEN
Franks, S., Fiedler, W., Arizaga, J., Jiguet, F., Nikolov, B., van der Jeugd, Ambrosini, R, Aizpurua, O., Bairlein, F., Clark, J., Fattorini, N, Hammond, M., Higgins, D, Levering, H., Skellorn, W., Spina, F, Thorup, K. Walker, J., Woodward, I. and Baillie, S.R. (1) (2022) Online Atlas of the movements of European bird populations. https://migrationatlas.org EURING/CMS (1) Principal investigator
Map

Overall Connectivity for Common Eider

Birds breeding in Icelandi and the British Islesare mostly sedentary in winter. Baltic-breeding birds move  NE-SW, to join local breeders as far W as the Wadden Sea. A very few encounters link the Baltic to Scotland. There are recoveries connecting Spitzbergen birds with Iceland and N Norway. Birds tagged in winter in the Fehmarn Belt, off Denmark, moved along the Swedish coast to reach the Gulf of Bothnia and S Finnish coasts, confirming the pattern seen from recoveries.

Recoveries by Condition for Common Eider

As for many game ducks, most of the recoveries before 1961 are of dead birds (~88%), but this switched to most recoveries being of live birds in the most recent period (~75%). Most recoveries of dead birds are result of the large numbers hunted in Denmark (with smaller numbers shot in Sweden and parts of Finland, where they are also legal quarry), so the patterns described above should be considered in light of this bias.

Annual Movements for Common Eider

Given the small number of records of movements from the Gulf of Bothnia/Baltic to the Wadden Sea, annual movements are better understood from tracking data. Birds wintering in the Fehmarn Belt have already moved to the coasts of S Sweden by mid-Mar, to arrive on the breeding grounds by the end of Mar or early April. They move S during the last dekad of Jun, and return to the wintering grounds in early Jul. For tracked birds from Svalbard, autumn migration was late Aug-late Dec, and spring migration late Mar-late May (Hanssen et al. 2016). Birds breeding in Scotland have been recovered around the coasts of Denmark in the winter, while a few birds wintering in Scotland have been observed to move to the southern Gulf of Bothnia in May.

Connectivity by Month by Region for Common Eider

Birds wintering in the Wadden Sea are recovered in the Gulf of Bothnia May-Jul, most moving S to S Sweden and the Wadden Sea by Aug. Tracking data indicate returns to the Gulf of Bothnia in Apr, where they remain for the summer, with most females moving slightly S after the breeding attempt to moult in the N Baltic Sea. Males (and some failed/non-breeding females) undergo a moult migration away from the nesting areas often towards the winter quarters and so males and most females are in very different places at the same time of year.

Frédéric Jiguet

References

Statistics Map
N records N individuals N recoveries
Mapped data*
Total available data
*Mapped data include only distant (>= 50 km) recoveries
References Map
Hanssen, S.A., Gabrielsen, G.W., Bustnes, J.O. et al. 2016 . Migration strategies of common eiders from Svalbard: implications for bilateral conservation management. Polar Biology 39 Link to Article (DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-016-1908-z) : 2179–2188

Back to Analysis

Rob Robinson

Well-known, widespread and common aerial foraging insectivore. Breeds in a wide range of climates in Asia, N America, Europe and N Africa. Typical species of open agricultural landscapes with water, where buildings and bridges provide nesting sites. Feeds almost entirely on flying insects such as flies, beetles, bees, wasps, ants, butterflies and moths. Migratory; European birds winter in sub-Saharan Africa with some individuals staying in S Europe and NW Africa. North American birds winter in South America, birds breeding in East Asia winter in South Asia.

Season of assessment

B

Population trendDecreasing
Population size
(min-max, best estimate)		51900000-89500000,66500000
Red List categoryLC
Franks, S., Fiedler, W., Arizaga, J., Jiguet, F., Nikolov, B., van der Jeugd, Ambrosini, R, Aizpurua, O., Bairlein, F., Clark, J., Fattorini, N, Hammond, M., Higgins, D, Levering, H., Skellorn, W., Spina, F, Thorup, K. Walker, J., Woodward, I. and Baillie, S.R. (1) (2022) Online Atlas of the movements of European bird populations. https://migrationatlas.org EURING/CMS (1) Principal investigator
Map

Overall Connectivity for Barn Swallow

Long-distance migrant with clear connectivity; western-European breeding sites mainly connected to wintering sites in W Africa, while more easterly breeding sites connect to wintering sites in southern half of Eastern Africa. Exceptionally, birds from the British Isles and the Norwegian west coast nearly all winter in South Africa. Notable leapfrog migration with northernmost breeding populations (including British Isles) wintering furthest south, mainly in South Africa; birds from the Low Countries and CE Europe wintering over broad band from W Africa through Congo to Zambia; and S European breeders mainly connected to wintering sites in Nigeria and the Central African Republic.

Recoveries by Condition for Barn Swallow

Very high number of encounters from mid-1990s. Over 80% of encounters are related to ringing activities, with an increasing trend over time. There are relatively more live encounters in Europe compared to sub-Saharan Africa. Almost complete absence of live recoveries from Congo. Very high density of live recoveries in British Isles, The Netherlands and Belgium due to long tradition of and RAS projects. There are very few live encounters in France and N Africa.

Annual Movements for Barn Swallow

FFirst N movements in Iberia are apparent in early March; in Italy the end of March. Numbers increase in NW Africa and SW and W Europe from April with mass arrivals end April–early May. Northernmost breeding sites are reached by the end of May. African wintering grounds and NW African staging grounds are vacated by 20 May. First southward movements begin in September and odd birds reach African wintering grounds. Northernmost breeding sites are vacated mid-September. Numbers in Africa increase from early October, when birds start crossing the Sahara. Birds start to arrive in South Africa in early November at which point most have left Europe. There is autumn passage through the Middle East from the end of August to early November, peaking in early October. Passage through Iberia is slightly earlier in September.

Connectivity by Month by Region for Barn Swallow

Birds on passage in SW Europe in Sep–Oct connect to wintering sites in S and W Africa and breeding sites in NW Europe. Winter recoveries in SW Europe all connect to relatively close-by breeding sites in W Europe and the British Isles, without any connections further south, indicating true wintering and not late passage. In contrast, there appear to be no Barn Swallows wintering in SE Europe and the Middle East. Birds that are still in Europe during late autumn rarely reach the sub-Saharan wintering grounds, suggesting high mortality. Those still in N Europe in October generally do not seem to move further south and those in W Europe in November do not seem to cross the Pyrenees and presumably all perish locally.

Henk van der Jeugd

References

Statistics Map
N records N individuals N recoveries
Mapped data*
Total available data
*Mapped data include only distant (>= 50 km) recoveries

Callum Macgregor

Small warbler, feeds almost wholly on insects. Ssp. collybita: Denmark to Pyrénées, Poland and Romania; abietinus: Scandinavia to Urals, Caucasus, Transcaucasia and N Iran; brevirostris: highlands of W Turkey and Black Sea coastlands of N Turkey; caucasicus: east of range of brevirostris at lower elevations south to Armenia. A bird of mature lowland woodland with not too dense canopy and fairly copious variety of medium or tallish undergrowth. The population is increasing and the status is Least Concern. Migratory, western populations winter within and south of breeding areas.

Season of assessment

B

Population trendStable
Population size
(min-max, best estimate)		72100000-114000000,89400000
Red List categoryLC
Franks, S., Fiedler, W., Arizaga, J., Jiguet, F., Nikolov, B., van der Jeugd, Ambrosini, R, Aizpurua, O., Bairlein, F., Clark, J., Fattorini, N, Hammond, M., Higgins, D, Levering, H., Skellorn, W., Spina, F, Thorup, K. Walker, J., Woodward, I. and Baillie, S.R. (1) (2022) Online Atlas of the movements of European bird populations. https://migrationatlas.org EURING/CMS (1) Principal investigator
Map

Overall Connectivity for Common Chiffchaff

Scandinavian birds mainly move NNW - SSE, most reported in W Europe, Spain and N Italy, but also in NW Africa. From S Scandinavia birds also move E - W, found in the UK. Birds from Finland, E Europe and also Scandinavia move NW - SE, recoveries in the Baltic States, SE Europe, Turkey, Near East and Uganda. UK Breeders move mainly NNW - SSE, recoveries in W France, W Iberia, W coast N Africa to Guinea Bissau. Birds of Ireland and also UK move NW - SE, recoveries in NW, Italy, C and SE Europe. From W Europe most birds move NW - SE, found in Spain, NW Africa and Senegal. Fewer birds move NW - SE, recoveries in the UK, Italy and C Europe. From C Europe most move NE - SW, found along the mediteranean coasts of SW Europe and NW Africa; also birds move NW - SE, found in SE Europe and Near East.

Recoveries by Condition for Common Chiffchaff

Until 1960 54% of the recoveries were dead birds: 19% were shot and 4% intentionally taken. From 1961 to 1990 13% concerned dead birds: 2% was shot and 1% was intentionally taken. From 1991 almost all recoveries concerned alive birds.
Most dead birds were intentionally taken or shot S and E Spain (Mallorca), Portugal, SW France, Italy (Sardegna), Morocco and Algeria. Relatively high numbers were found dead in the Netherlands.

Annual Movements for Common Chiffchaff

In Dec - Feb hotspots in S UK, Low Countries, Iberia, Italy and NW Africa. Fewer in France, C and SE Europe, Near East, S Algeria and sub-Saharan Africa. In Mar numbers in S UK, Low Countries, N Italy and C Europe increase, first birds in S Scandinavia and fewer in N Africa. In Apr more birds in C Europe and Fennoscandia, fewer in Spain and few birds in Africa and Near East. In May - Sep hotspots in S and C UK, Low Countries, C Europe, SW Norway and the SW Finland. Fewer birds in France, N Italy and Iberia. In Oct numbers more birds in France, Iberia and N Italy; Fewer in Fennoscandia and C UK; first arrive in N Africa, SE Europe and Near East. In Nov hotspots are in the S UK, Low Countries, Iberia and N Italy; more birds in N Africa and Near East; Fewer in France, C Europe and Fennoscandia.

Connectivity by Month by Region for Common Chiffchaff

Scandinavian breeders are reported from the UK, the Low Countries. S and SE Europe and Near East from Sep - Apr; from Africa most in Dec - Feb. UK breeders are found in W France (Sep - Oct), Spain (Sep - Mar), NW Africa (Oct - Feb), Italy (Mar - Apr), Iceland (Oct - Nov), Scandinavia (Sep - Oct) and C Europe (Sep - Jan). Breeders of W Europe are found in the UK (Sep - Jan), France and Spain (Sep - Mar) and NW Africa (Nov - Mar). Breeders in C Europe are found in the Low Countries (Sep - Oct), SE Spain (Oct - Mar), N Africa (Dec - Mar), Italy (Nov - Apr), Norway (Sep - Oct), the UK (Sep - Mar),Israël (Jan - Mar) and Egypt (Oct).

Henk van der Jeugd

References

Statistics Map
N records N individuals N recoveries
Mapped data*
Total available data
*Mapped data include only distant (>= 50 km) recoveries

Michele Mendi

Small passerine, feeds on invertebrates, especially beetles and (in southern Spain at least) ants; also fruit and seeds in winter. Nominate rubecula: W Europe, NW Morocco, Azores, Madeira and W Canary Islands; balcanicus: Balkan Peninsula to W Turkey; witherbyi (or sardus): S Spain, Corsica, Sardinia, NE Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia; melophilus: British Isles and Scandinavia. Prefers habitat with cool shade, moisture, not too dense cover, patches or fringes of open ground. The population is increasing and the status is Least Concern. Most populations partially migratory.

Season of assessment

B

Population trendStable
Population size
(min-max, best estimate)		109000000-168000000,133000000
Red List categoryLC
Franks, S., Fiedler, W., Arizaga, J., Jiguet, F., Nikolov, B., van der Jeugd, Ambrosini, R, Aizpurua, O., Bairlein, F., Clark, J., Fattorini, N, Hammond, M., Higgins, D, Levering, H., Skellorn, W., Spina, F, Thorup, K. Walker, J., Woodward, I. and Baillie, S.R. (1) (2022) Online Atlas of the movements of European bird populations. https://migrationatlas.org EURING/CMS (1) Principal investigator
Map

Overall Connectivity for European Robin

Fennoscandinian birds mainly move NE - SW, most found in the Low Countries, SW and S France, S Spain and coast of NW Africa. Other recoveries spread over Europe and the UK, also Turkey and Near East. Birds from the UK mainly move N - S, recoveries in the Low Countries, W France, Portugal and S Spain; also E Ireland and few in N Africa. Birds in the Low Countries move mainly NE - SW, most recoveries from W France, but also from the UK, Portugal, S Spain and NW Africa. From C and E Europe birds move mainly NE - SW, most found in Switzerland, S France, the Balearic Isles and N Algeria, also W Europe, Portugal and S Spain; few in the UK, along the Adriatic E coast and Near East. Proportion of robins wintering N. Africa underestimated due to low reporting probability, maybe as high as 50% (Korner-Nievergelt et al. 2014). 

Recoveries by Condition for European Robin

Until 1960 58% of the recoveries were dead birds: 6,4% were shot and 1,7% intentionally taken. From 1961 to 1990 27% concerned dead birds: 2,4% were shot and 1,3% intentionally taken. From 1991 almost all recoveries concerned alive birds.
Hotspots for shot birds are N Italy, E and S Spain, the Balearic Isles, Sardegna and the north coast of Moroccoa and Algeria. Also many birds shot in Portugal and France.

Annual Movements for European Robin

In Dec - Feb hotspots in the UK, the Low Countries, Spain, N Italy and N Algeria. Also birds in Ireland, Denmark, C Europe, France, Portugal and Morocco. Few birds in S Fennoscandia, SE Europe and Near East. The hotspots in the UK and the Low Countries stay year around, Ireland also stable. In Mar more birds in S Fennoscandia, less in N Algeria, SE Europe and Near East. In Apr more birds in S Fennoscandia, Denmark, C and E Europe; less in N Africa, France and SE Europe, none in Near East. In May - Aug numbers in Spain and N Italy strongly decreased, few birds in N Africa and SE Europe. In Sep more birds in Spain, N Italy and France. In Oct - Nov hotspots again in Spain, N Italy and N Algeria, many birds in SW France and Portugal, few in E and SE Europe, Near East and Fennoscandia.

Connectivity by Month by Region for European Robin

Fennoscandian birds are most found in W Europe (Sep - Apr), Iberia (Oct - Feb) and NW Africa (Sep - Apr); also the (E) UK (Oct - Apr), Italy (Sep - Mar), C and SE Europe, Turkey and Near East (Oct - Mar) and Iceland (1 in Nov). UK birds are most found in W Europe, Portugal and W Spain (Sep - Apr); also Ireland (Nov - Jan), NW Africa (Oct - Feb) and C Europe (Sep - Nov and Apr). Birds of the Low Countries are most found in W France, Portugal and SW Spain (Oct - Apr); also the UK (Aug - Nov) and NW Africa (Nov - Mar). Breeders in C and E Europe are most found in SW France, Iberia (Oct - Mar) and Algeria (Nov - Feb); also Italy (Oct -  Mar), SE Europe (Aug - Oct, Apr), E UK (Oct - Dec), Adriatic coast (Jan - Mar), Turkey and Greece (Nov – Mar); E Europe breeders also in Near East (Dec - May).

Henk van der Jeugd

References

Statistics Map
N records N individuals N recoveries
Mapped data*
Total available data
*Mapped data include only distant (>= 50 km) recoveries
References Map
Korner-Nievergelt, F., Liechti, F., Thorup, K.2014 . A bird distribution model for ring recovery data: where do the European robins go?. Ecology and Evolution 4 Link to Article (DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.977) : 720–731

Back to Analysis

Michele Mendi

Medium-sized warbler, feeds chiefly on insects, also other invertebrates, taken mostly from or near ground. Nominate cetti breeds in W and S Europe to Asia Minor and North Africa; orientalis Turkey to Crimea, N Iran (Zagros Mts.) and N Afghanistan; albiventris Iran to Kazakhstan, Afghanistan, Pakistan and W Xinjiang. Prefers watersides and swamps, in lower and more fragmented bushy cover away from woodlands. The European population is increasing and the status is Least Concern. Resident in Europe.

Season of assessment

B

Population trendStable
Population size
(min-max, best estimate)		4080000-6550000,5110000
Red List categoryLC
Franks, S., Fiedler, W., Arizaga, J., Jiguet, F., Nikolov, B., van der Jeugd, Ambrosini, R, Aizpurua, O., Bairlein, F., Clark, J., Fattorini, N, Hammond, M., Higgins, D, Levering, H., Skellorn, W., Spina, F, Thorup, K. Walker, J., Woodward, I. and Baillie, S.R. (1) (2022) Online Atlas of the movements of European bird populations. https://migrationatlas.org EURING/CMS (1) Principal investigator
Map

Overall Connectivity for Cetti's Warbler

As to be expected from a resident bird, it does not show a clear migration direction, but generally, the recoveries are north of the ringing location, illustrating the mechanism of northward expansion through post-breeding dispersal in this species. Birds ringed in S Italy were recovered in N Italy. Birds ringed in S and E spain were recovered in NW and NE Spain, SW France and one bird in NW France. Birds ringed in W France were recovered in S UK, NW France, Belgium and the Netherlands. Inside the UK, most birds are recovered W or NW from the ringing location. Birds ringed in Belgium were recovered in the Netherlands, but also vice versa. Two birds ringed in Belgium were recovered in SE UK.

Recoveries by Condition for Cetti's Warbler

From 1961 to 1990 only 3% of recoveries concerned dead birds, there were no birds shot. From 1991 virtually all recoveries concerned alive birds. The few dead birds were found in the UK, France, N Italy and C Spain.

Annual Movements for Cetti's Warbler

During the whole year, birds are concentrated in the S UK, the Low Countries, W France, Italy and the Iberian Peninsula. In Nov - Feb birds seems to be a bit more concentrated along the coasts near their breeding areas. Apart from this, there are no clear movements visible.

Connectivity by Month by Region for Cetti's Warbler

Birds ringed in UK were always recovered inside the UK but there is no clear pattern by month. Some birds ringed Aug - Sep in NW France were recovered in the UK in Oct. Also in NW Europe there is no clear pattern. Several birds ringed in May - Jul were recovered along the North-Sea coast in Sep - Dec. In Italy birds ringed in Aug -Dec in C and S Italy were recovered in N Italy in Sep - Apr. On the Iberian Peninsula many birds encountered in C Iberia in Apr - Jul are found near the Atlantic or Mediterranean coast in Aug - Jan. Interesting is a bird ringed in May 2015 on Menorca that was recovered in C Spain in May 2016. A bird ringed in July 2002 in S Spain was recovered in NE France in March 2003, a long migration distance for this species.

Henk van der Jeugd

References

Statistics Map
N records N individuals N recoveries
Mapped data*
Total available data
*Mapped data include only distant (>= 50 km) recoveries
Subscribe to